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COPYRIGHT 2004 Spanish Association for Anglo-American Studies (AEDEAN)
Martin Amis's self-sufficient, well-wrought fiction demands a comprehensive perspective which highlights the relationship and interconnections between its constituent parts. The writer himself has made this clear through his emphasis on the indissolubility of form and meaning in a narrative which attempts to combine the aesthetic quality with an interpretation of the historical present. It is the purpose of this essay to develop an in-depth analysis of a significant motif, America, in one of Amis's most representative novels, Money: A Suicide Note (1984). Through a formal, symbolical and historical reading of this motif, I will trace how these different readings support each other and open a window to some of Amis's central tropes and topics, such as duality, otherness and the nature of the self in the context of the twentieth century.
Key Words: self, dualism, otherness, postmodernism, America, Martin Amis, contemporary fiction.
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Martin Amis's writing has been defined by Victoria Alexander as "a queer hybrid of a Nabokovian and Bellovian world-views" (Alexander 1994: 78). By this, the critic means that it is a fiction supported and enhanced by the tension between the formal and moral aspects of his prose. Through the recurrent presence of a fixed repertoire of motifs and thematic lines, we can simultaneously observe the workings of the aesthete in search of the perfect pattern and design and hear the musings of the social commentator and satirist. These two sides of the task of a writer, the formal and the moral concerns, are to Amis necessary dimensions of artistic creation, and central elements of his understanding of the novel as a literary genre. Accordingly, the inability to pattern random and shapeless reality are frequently used by the writer as a grudge against some of the novelists he reviews.
To Amis, life is nothing but raw material: "the trouble with life (the novelist will feel) is its amorphousness, its ridiculous fluidity" (Amis 2000: 7), which the novelist shapes through style, understood by the writer as "a radical reworking of impressions" (Haffenden 1985: 17). The search for form becomes a priority: "I would certainly sacrifice any psychological or realistic truth for a phrase ... I think it's the higher consideration" (Haffenden 1985: 16). Some critics have understood this authorial insistence on the importance of form and style as a shield to protect his moral vacuousness (Mars-Jones 1990). However, this formal emphasis is not an isolated impulse, but works in the direction of what Amis considers to be the complementary aim of the novelist, that of producing "a reading of the world," an answer to the imaginary question of "what's going on here?" (Haffenden 1985: 22). To Amis "style is not neutral; it gives moral directions" (Haffenden 1985: 23). Form and meaning appear as inseparable, one leading to and sustaining the other; content not being the direct display of a set of ideas through plot, but the spontaneous emanation of the way in which the writer organises his artificial world.
These conflicting drives at the core of Amis's fiction are a primal example of an essentially dualist imagination, of "Amis's persistent double perspective" (Reynolds and Noakes 2003: 6). Amis's narrative thrives on dual patterns, his fictional universe being organised according to a multitude of conceptual pairings and symbolic thematic oppositions; shape and shapelessness, the conscious and the unconscious, the reader and the writer, presence and absence, experience and innocence, sickness and health, pain and pleasure, life and death. The precise structural designs and the plots of his books are an expression of the author's world of double-dealing and deception; the characters in his stories are trapped in a web of doubles, reflections and shadows trying to control, manipulate and eventually, destroy them.
The dual nature of Amis's writing has been highlighted by Karl Miller who has labelled Amis as "the latest of Anglo-America's dualistic artists" (Miller 1987: 410). Miller describes Success (1978), Other People (1981) and Money (1984) as "orphan deliriums" (Miller 1987: 409), and interprets the presence of "alter egos ... double-takes and double-pates" (Miller 1987: 412) in these novels as an expression of the characters' feeling of exclusion and their attempt to escape unhappiness. In a different section of the same study, Miller deals with the connection between the motif of the orphan and that of America. To the critic, "America is an orphan of a kind," an embodiment both "of escape ... and danger of a new life" (Miller 1987: 349). However, Miller does not provide an interpretation of America's presence in Amis's narrative as a form of doubling.
In his comprehensive analysis of Amis's fiction, James Diedrick defines "narrative doubling" as "an organizing principle" (Diedrick 1995: 40) in The Rachel Papers (1973), Dead Babies (1975) or Success (1978). He also surveys the way in which characters double each other in Amis's different novels and attributes the abundance of doubles in his writing to "the complex relationship between Amis's career and that of his father" which he signals as "one source of all the 'doubles' that haunt the younger Amis's fiction" (Diedrick 1995: 4). Diedrick also mentions the role of America in Amis's writing, but, like Miller, he does not attempt an interpretation of the motif which relates it to other aspects of Amis's narrative, such as the form and content dualism, America's symbolic significance as a form of doubling, or its function as a symbol in the writer's analysis of the historical present.
It is the purpose of this essay to bring the elements previously mentioned...
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