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COPYRIGHT 2003 Irish American Cultural Institute
IN nineteenth-century France the salons of Princess Mathilde, Madame Sabatier, and others served as way stations between authority and art--places where the state and the writer could use each other for power, prestige, and influence. Patrons found themselves constantly intervening between the realms of literature and politics, securing protection for new artists while seeking favors for the established. Along with the artists came fashionable hack-journalists who, much like the state officials, possessed the power to begin or end a writer's career. Again, it was the patron's role to mediate between the artist and the press, ensuring a harmonious relationship on both sides. As the prestige of the writer grew, so too did the prestige of the salon to which he was attached and the power of the patron herself. Ultimately the salon is the place, Pierre Bourdieu writes, where
those who hold political power aim to impose their vision on artists and to appropriate for themselves the power of consecration and of legitimation.... for their part, the writers and artists, acting as solicitors and intercessors, or even sometimes as true pressure groups, endeavour to assure for themselves a mediating control of the different material or symbolic rewards distributed by the state. (1996:51)
Over a century later a similar ritual of courtship between writers and the state took place in Northern Ireland, under the roof of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in Belfast. There, during the years after World War II, power began to shift from the highbrow commentators of the London studio to local Belfast producers, men who carried their recording equipment over the back roads of Northern Ireland to interview farmers, storytellers, and housewives. This shift from centralization to regionalization at the BBC was not specific to Northern Ireland--indeed all British provinces benefited from this postwar policy. Only in Northern Ireland, however, was the relationship between the writer, the state, and the media so precarious. Thus, like Princess Mathilde's salon, the BBC became a way station where the officially sanctioned ideology of the day--regionalism--was taken up by a group of writers outside of and often at odds with the establishment. By deftly operating both outside and within its constraints, these writers added momentum to a postwar literary movement that paved the way for the "Ulster Renaissance" of the 1960s, and they initiated a pattern of transcultural non-sectarian exchange between writers in Northern Ireland and mainland Britain. The BBC was in many ways the Ulster poets' door out of the dark.
In the aftermath of World War II, the BBC felt its mission more keenly than ever; as its director William Haley said in 1945, it was to "improve cultural and ethical standards" in Britain (Briggs 1996:26). If fascism was the by-product of ignorance and moral decay, then it was the BBC's duty to improve the morality of its congregation. In order to accomplish this task, Haley felt strongly that the BBC should concentrate its efforts on providing programs that would appeal to all classes, not just to an urbane London minority. This meant expanding the range of programs as well as coverage. Thus regional broadcasting was restored in July 1945 to the three English Regions--North, West, and Midlands--and expanded to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The intent was to improve standards through competition, while giving listeners an echo of their own distinct cultures. As one BBC director saw it, regionalization was "a matter of great importance for the future of democracy" (Briggs 1996:26).
Before regional programming was introduced, BBC presenters spoke with upper-class accents. One staff member noted in 1950 that working-class men in Yorkshire pubs complained the BBC was "too much high-brow," just "posh voices talking down to us" (Briggs 1996:276). He recommended that classless voices be employed. Similarly, Andrew Stewart, who became BBC controller for Northern Ireland in 1948, noted that many Ulster listeners, with their distinctive mix of Irish, English, and Scottish idioms, felt alienated from the cadences of the BBC. On those rare occasions when working-class voices were used, Stewart still felt the effort was wasted upon his listeners; even Cockney humor, he noted, was not well understood (Briggs 1996:308). Such comments convinced BBC producers that using local voices on regional programs would result in a larger audience.
The war too had changed the nature of broadcasting, as commentators brought their microphones into boot camps and battlefields. The success of this technique prompted the Corporation to use a similar strategy during peacetime. As the war correspondent Frank Gillard remarked, "Our policy will be to get away from the artificial atmosphere of the studio as much as possible and take the microphone among the people" (Briggs 1996:89). The success of Have a Go, a quiz show first produced in the North Region in 1946, proved the profitability of such a strategy: the program, whose presenter Wilfred Pickles spoke with a Northern accent and whose audience members were all local volunteers, became a national hit after only six months.
The decision to use local voices was to have a profound influence on provincial creativity. By taking the microphone among the people, the BBC gave its listeners an echo of their own voices, accents, and dialects. As programs were regionalized after the war, their content was also diversified. In 1945 features (which had been part of drama since 1938) was made an independent department. Its manifesto read, "No program service can live a healthy life on an exclusive diet of classics. Radio must initiate or die, publish new work or be damned" (Briggs 1996:641). During the next ten years, the BBC remained true to this vision; from 1945 to 1955 more words were spoken in features, plays, and poetry than in any news-related programs. As Asa Briggs has noted, the degree to which the BBC committed itself to creative writers--particularly those outside the organization--was unprecedented in the history of broadcasting (1996:106). Indeed, the regional controller for Wales went so far as to say that "for the first time since the princely Welsh courts of the Middle Ages, men could earn their living by being entertainers" (Briggs 1996:106). Often it was the poets' contributions that were most valuable to the features department. Douglas Cleverdon, a member of features in 1946, felt that almost all the best programs he had produced had been written by poets (Briggs 1996:642). (1) Through the features and drama departments, then, the BBC was well on its way to becoming the most prestigious literary patron in Britain.
In 1948 Andrew Stewart became the BBC controller in Belfast and immediately implemented...
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