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Cervical cancer: the route from signs and symptoms to treatment in South Africa.(Clinical report)

Reproductive Health Matters

| November 01, 2008 | van Schalkwyk, Susarie Louise; Maree, Johanna Elizabeth; Wright, Susanna Catharina Dreyer | COPYRIGHT 2008 Reproductive Health Matters. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.  All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information)Copyright

Abstract: In South Africa, in 2005-06, 100% of primary health care clinics in South Africa had health professionals trained to conduct Pap smears, yet the screening rate was only 1.3% and one in 26 women develop cervical cancer during their lifetime. Many women admitted to oncology wards ore at such an advanced stage of disease that palliation is the only treatment option left. The purpose of this qualitative study in 2007, using semi-structured interviews with 15 women with advanced cervical cancer, was to understand the routes they followed from first signs and symptoms of disease to receiving treatment. The willingness of the women to be diagnosed was a positive finding of the study. The women did seek treatment, often more than once, and were not solely responsible for presenting late. The average number of months from first contact with a health care professional until diagnosis was 17.3, ranging from 11.8 months for urban participants to 28.4 months for rural participants, and three to seven months from diagnosis to referral for treatment. Lack of knowledge and awareness among health care professionals resulted in a low suspicion of cancer and misdiagnosis. A national cervical cancer strategy, including health education and re-training of health professionals, should be made a priority.

Resume

En 2005-06, 100% des dispensaires de soins de sante primaires sud-africains disposaient de personnel forme aux frottis, pourtant le taux de depistage n'etait que de 1,3% et une femme sur 26 developpe un cancer du col de l'uterus pendant sa vie. Beaucoup des femmes hospitalisees en oncologie sont a un stade si avance de la maladie que des soins palliatifs sont la seule option. L'objet de cette etude qualitative, menee au cours d'entretiens semistructures avec 15 femmes presentant un cancer avance du col de l'uterus, etait de comprendre leur cheminement depuis les premiers signes de la maladie jusqu'au traitement. L'une des conclusions positives de l'etude est que les femmes souhaitaient etre diagnostiquees. Elles avaient bien demande un traitement, souvent a plusieurs reprises, et n'etaient pas seules responsables de leur presentation tardive. Le nombre de mois depuis le premier contact avec un soignant jusqu'au diagnostic etait en moyenne de 17,3 (11,8 mois pour les participantes urbaines et 28,4 mois pour les rurales), et de trois a sept mois depuis le diagnostic jusqu'a l'aiguillage vers un traitement. Le manque de connaissances et la sensibilisation insuffisante des soignants ont abouti a une faible suspicion de cancer et a un diagnostic errone. Une strategie nationale en matiere de cancer du col de l'uterus, avec notamment des programmes d'education sanitaire et de recyclage des professionnels de sante, devrait etre prioritaire.

Resumen

En Sudafrica, en 2005-06, el 100% de las clinicas de primer nivel de atencion tenian profesionales de la salud capacitados para realizar la prueba de Papanicolaou, pero la tasa de tamizaje era solo del 1.3% y una de cada 26 mujeres presenta cancer cervical durante su vida. Muchas mujeres admitidas en los pisos de oncologia presentan una etapa tan avanzada de enfermedad, que la paliacion es la unica opcion de tratamiento posible. El proposito de este estudio cualitativo en 2007, que utilizo entrevistas semiestructuradas con 15 mujeres con cancer cervical avanzado, era entender las rutas que siguieron desde los primeros signos y sintomas de enfermedad hasta el tratamiento recibido. La buena voluntad de las mujeres para ser diagnosticadas fue un resultado positivo del estudio. Las mujeres buscaron tratamiento, a menudo mas de una vez, y no eran las unicas responsables de presentarse tarde. El numero promedio de meses desde el primer contacto con un profesional de la salud hasta el diagnostico fue de 17.3, variando desde 11.8 meses para las participantes urbanas hasta 28.4 meses para las rurales, y tres a siete meses desde el diagnostico hasta la referencia para el tratamiento. La falta de conocimiento y conciencia entre los profesionales de la salud resulto en baja sospecha de cancer y diagnostico errado. Se debe dar prioridad a una estrategia nacional de cancer cervical, que incluya educacion sobre la salud y la re-capacitacion de los profesionales de la salud.

Keywords: cervical cancer, treatment-seeking behaviour, health education, training of providers, South Africa

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