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"A wise man adheres not to his reli gion, because it was that of his ancestors," a smooth-tongued mullah says to a tongue-tied American in Royall Tyler's 1797 novel "The Algerine Captive." The American, a luckless New Englander named Updike Underhill, had been sold into slavery among Muslims after Barbary pirates captured the ship on which he served as a surgeon. At the hands of his captors, he had been whipped, beaten, and bastinadoed--the soles of his feet caned to pulp--and he had borne it all. The terms of his terrible bondage: he will be freed only if he converts to Islam. Stoic, and secure in his Calvinism, Underhill agrees to a debate.Tyler, a Vermont lawyer, found ...