Prophet Motive.(Khalil Gibran)(Biography)

Shakespeare, we are told, is the best-selling poet of all time. Second is Lao-tzu. Third is Kahlil Gibran, who owes his place on that list to one book, "The Prophet," a collection of twenty-six prose poems, delivered as sermons by a fictional wise man in a faraway time and place. Since its publication, in 1923, "The Prophet" has sold more than nine million copies in its American edition alone. There are public schools named for Gibran in Brooklyn and Yonkers. "The Prophet" has been recited at countless weddings and funerals. It is quoted in books and articles on training art teachers, determining criminal responsibility, and enduring ectopic pregnancy, sleep disorders, and the news that your son is gay. Its words turn up in advertisements for marriage counsellors, chiropractors, learning-disabilities specialists, and face cream.

"The Prophet" started fast--it sold out its first printing in a month--and then it got faster, until, in the nineteen-sixties, its sales sometimes reached five thousand copies a week. It was the Bible of that decade. But the book's popularity should not be laid entirely at the door of the hippies. "The Prophet" was a hit long before the sixties (it made good money even during the Depression), and sales after that decade have never been less than healthy--a record all the more impressive in that it is due almost entirely to word of mouth. Apart from a brief effort during the twenties, "The Prophet" has never been advertised. Presumably in honor of this commercial feat, Everyman's Library has now brought out "Kahlil Gibran: The Collected Works" ($27.50), with a pretty red binding and a gold ribbon for a bookmark. While most people know Gibran only as the author of "The Prophet," he wrote seventeen books, nine in Arabic and eight in English. The Everyman's volume contains twelve of them.

The critics will no doubt greet it with the same indifference they have shown Gibran ever since his death, in 1931. Even his publisher, Alfred A. Knopf, brushed him off. When Knopf was asked, in 1965, who the audience for "The Prophet" was, he replied that he had no idea. "It must be a cult," he said--an ungrateful response from the man to whom "The Prophet" had been a cash cow for more than forty years. In 1974, a cousin of the poet's, also named Kahlil Gibran, and his wife, Jean, published a good biography, "Kahlil Gibran: His Life and World." Then, in 1998, came the more searching "Prophet: The Life and Times of Kahlil Gibran," by Robin Waterfield, a translator of ancient Greek literature. But until the first of those books appeared--that is, for forty-three years after Gibran's death--there was no proper biography of this hugely influential author. Both Waterfield and the Gibrans complain about the literati's lack of respect for their subject--Waterfield blames it on snobbery, "hard-hearted cynicism"--but the facts they dug up were not such as to improve his reputation.

Part of the reason there were no real biographies is that little was known about Gibran's life, and the reason for that is that he didn't want it known. One point that seems firm is that he was born in Lebanon, in a village called Bsharri, in 1883. At that time, Lebanon was part of Syria, which in turn was part of the Ottoman Empire. Gibran, by his account, was a brooding, soulful child. From his earliest years, he said, he drew constantly--painting was his first art and, for a long time, as important to him as writing--and he communed with nature. When a storm came, he would rip off his clothes and run out into the torrent in ecstasy. His mother, Kamileh, got others to leave her strange boy alone. "Sometimes," Gibran later recalled, "she would smile at someone who came in . . . and lay her finger on her lip and say, 'Hush. He's not here.' "

Gibran's father was not a good provider. He owned a walnut grove, but he didn't like working it. He preferred drinking and gambling. He eventually got a job as a tax collector, but then he was arrested for embezzlement. Poor before, the family now became destitute. In 1895, Kamileh packed up her four children--Bhutros, Kahlil (then twelve), Marianna, and Sultana--and sailed to America. They settled in Boston, in the South End, a squalid ghetto filled with immigrants from various countries. (Today, it is Boston's Chinatown.) Kamileh, like many other Syrian immigrants, became a pack peddler; that is, she went door to door, selling lace and linens out of a basket she carried on her back. Within a year, she had put aside enough money to set Bhutros up in a drygoods store. The two girls were sent out to work as seamstresses; neither ever learned to read or write. Kahlil alone was excused from putting food on the table. He went to school, for the first time.

He also enrolled in an art class at a nearby settlement house, and through his teacher he was sent to a man named Fred Holland Day. In European art, this was the period of the Decadents. Theosophy, espoused by Madame Blavatsky, became a craze. People went to seances, dabbled in drugs, and scorned the ugly-hearted West in favor of the more spiritual East. Above all, they made a religion of art. Day, thirty-two years old and financially independent, was a leader of the Boston outpost of this movement. He wore a turban, smoked a hookah, and read by candlelight. He did serious work, however. He and his friends founded two arts magazines, and he was a partner in a publishing house that produced exquisite books. By the eighteen-nineties, though, Day's main interest was photography. He particularly liked to photograph beautiful young boys of "exotic" origin, sometimes nude, sometimes in their native costumes, and he often recruited them from the streets of the South End. When the thirteen-year-old Gibran turned up at Day's door, in 1896, he became one of the models. Day was especially taken with Gibran. He made him his pupil and assistant, and he introduced him to the literature of the nineteenth century, the Romantic poets and their Symbolist inheritors. Robin Waterfield, in his biography, says that this syllabus, with its emphasis on suffering, prophecy, and the religion of love, was the rock on which Gibran built his later style. According to Waterfield, Day also gave Gibran his "pretensions." Imagine what it was like for a child from the ghetto to walk into this world of comfort and beauty, a world, furthermore, where a person could make a life of art. Fortuitously, Gibran already fitted into Day's milieu in a small way: he was "Oriental." Day made a fuss over Gibran's origins, treated him, Waterfield says, like a "Middle Eastern princeling." Gibran looked the part. He was very handsome, and also reticent. A later mentor declared him a mystic, "a young prophet." (This was before he had published anything professionally.) And so he began to see himself that way.

Kamileh and Bhutros would not have failed to notice that Kahlil was spending all his time with people he did not introduce them to. They may also have worried about his exposure to Protestantism--they were Christians of the Maronite sect, allied with the Church of Rome--and, indeed, to Day, who was presumably homosexual. In any case, Gibran, at the age of fifteen, was packed off to a Maronite college in Beirut. In his three years there, he apparently decided that he might be a writer as well as a painter. He and a classmate founded a student literary magazine, and he was elected "college poet." But in 1902 he returned to the South End, and to his family's troubles. Two weeks before he landed in Boston, Sultana died, of tuberculosis, at the age of fourteen. The following year, Bhutros died, also of t.b. (it was rife in the South End), and then Kamileh, of cancer. Waterfield says that there is no evidence that Gibran mourned any of them for long. It is hard to escape the thought that this ambitious young man was not inconvenienced by the loss of his slum-dwelling family. One member remained, however: his sister Marianna. She adored him, cooked his dinners, made his clothes, and supported the two of them on her earnings from the dressmaker's shop. Gibran still took no job; art was his job.