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Man with a Plan.(Herbert Spencer)(Biography)

The New Yorker

| August 13, 2007 | Shapin, Steven | COPYRIGHT 2007 All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of The Condé Nast Publications Inc. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.  All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information)Copyright

The great event of the New York cultural season of 1882 was the visit of the sixty-two-year-old English philosopher and social commentator Herbert Spencer. Nowhere did Spencer have a larger or more enthusiastic following than in the United States, where such works as "Social Statics" and "The Data of Ethics" were celebrated as powerful justifications for laissez-faire capitalism. Competition was preordained; its result was progress; and any institution that stood in the way of individual liberties was violating the natural order. "Survival of the fittest"--a phrase that Charles Darwin took from Spencer--made free competition a social as well as a natural law. Andrew ...

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