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Late nineteenth-century American painters were drawn to Paris by its modern spirit and rich multifaceted art life. Beginning in 1853, Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann, Emperor Napoleon III's chief architect, transformed it from a jumbled, unhealthful, overgrown medieval town into a handsome capital that boasted new boulevards, bridges, squares, and parks. Only a rare individual could resist the temptation to join the fashionable throngs on the city's thoroughfares, even to become a flaneur, the archetypal urban observer described by Charles Baudelaire as a "passionate spectator" for whom "it is an immense joy to set up house in the heart of the multitude, amid the ebb and ...