Notices of Periodical and Occasional Publications, mainly of 1999.(Review)

THE FOLLOWING list is based on actual inspection of the periodicals concerned, which in many cases are sent to the REVIEW by the courtesy of their editors and publishers, and which are read by contributors to whom the Editors wish to express their thanks. It should be noted that contributors are not asked to include all articles, but only those to which in their judgement attention should be drawn; and that articles of a purely bibliographical or archaeological character, or which deal exclusively with the history of the United States, are not normally included. Most of the items listed appeared in 1999, but a few are earlier publications. The principal periodicals and occasional publications summarized below are as follows: Albion; American History Review; Anglo-Norman Studies; Anglo-Saxon England; Annales; Annales de Bretagne; Annales du Midi; Annales de Normandie; Annali dell'Istituto Storico Italo-Germanico in Trento; Anuarul; Archivio Storico Italiano; Archivio Storico Lombardo; Balkan Studies; Bohemia; Bollettino Storico-Bibliografico Subalpino; Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library; Bulletin de la SHMC; Cahiers de Civilisation Medievale; Cahiers d'Histoire du Temps Present; Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies; Catholic Historical Review; Cesky Casopis Historicky; Contemporary British History; Cristianesimo nella storia; Cuadernos de Investigacion Historica; Deutsches Archiv; Early Medieval Europe; Economic History Review; En la Espana Medieval; European History Quarterly; Folia Historica Bohemica; French History; German History; Haskins Society Journal; Hispania Historia; Historica (Prague); Historical Journal; Historical Research; Historicka Geografie; Historische Zeitschrift; Historisches Jahrbuch; Historisk Tidskrift (Svensk); Historisk Tidsschrift (Dansk); History of Science; International Historical Review; International Journal of the History of Sport; International Review of Social History; Journal of British Studies; Journal of Contemporary History; Journal of Ecclesiastical History; Journal of the History of Collections; Journal of Medieval History; Journal of Modern History; Journal of Transport History; Labour History Review; Les Pays Bas Francais; Lietuvos Istorijos Metrastis; Mariner's Mirror; Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica; Medievalia et Humanistica; Mediterranean Historical Review; Mitteilungen des Instituts fur Osterreichische Geschichtsforschung; Mitteilungen des Osterreichischen Staatsarchivs; Nuova Rivista Storica; Oxford Slavonic Papers; Parliamentary History; Past and Present; Provence Historique; Quaderni Medievali; Quaderni Storici; Renaissance Studies; Revue Benedictine; Revue d'histoire ecclesiastique; Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine; Revue Historique; Rinascimento; Rivista Storica Italiana; Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Geschichte; Scottish Historical Review; The Seventeenth Century; Slavonic and East European Review; Social History of Medicine; Southern History; Speculum; Szazadok; Thirteenth-Century England; Transactions of the Royal Historical Society; Twentieth-Century British History; Welsh History Review; William and Mary Quarterly; Zeitschrift fur historische Forschung.

Historiographical, Record and Archive Studies

M. de Jong surveys the influences -- confessional, anthropological, secular -- which have gone to the making of modern views on early medieval Christianity. Early Med. Eur. vii

Medieval Irish perceptions of history and fable and allied genres are discussed by E. Poppe, who argues that the concepts of fiction and entertainment have been too readily applied. Camb. Med. Celt. Stud. xxxvii

The degree of religious motivation discernible in late medieval revolts has generated a debate among historians both in Germany and in England, which N. Housley discusses in an essay which brings together Hussites, Hungarians, Bauernkriegers, and the Pilgrimage of Grace. A useful synthesis. Jnl. Med. Hist. xxv

L. J. Griffin and M. v. der Linden introduce seven studies illustrating historical applications of new formal social science methodologies: these include the analysis of events and narrative, of spatial processes, social networks and qualitative comparative data. Int. Rev. Soc. Hist. xliii

Through `archaeological' examination of the structure of HMS Victory, P. Goodwin determines that Nelson died 25 feet from the point currently marked. Mariner's Mirror, lxxv

Leopold von Ranke's dictum (1824) that the historian's task was to `say' (sagen) how things were was later changed to `show' (zeigen). T. M. Buck believes this was inspired by Ranke's changed understanding of historical study towards `seeing' (Anschauung) rather than mere `saying'. Hist. Jahrbuch, cxix

A. Miskolczy reports on his work in progress about Jules Michelet's interests in eastern Europe. He argues that Michelet deliberately romanticized episodes in the history of the area, especially of the Rumanians, in order to promote the emancipation of its peoples and their mutual co-operation. Szazadok, cxxxiii

MOStA Sonderband iv, publishes the papers from a symposium on the Austro-Hungarian bilateral debates about archivalia in the aftermath of the collapse of the Monarchy, which led to the agreement at Baden in 1926 whereby many materials were `repatriated' from Vienna to Budapest. Besides its political context, the issue has considerable interest as a case-study of dispute over the physical whereabouts of historical sources.

Bohemia, xxxix, publishes an exchange between Eva Broklova and various German historians about contentious aspects of the historiography of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The aspersions which Dr Broklova casts upon the intellectual bona fides of the Collegium Carolinum are unworthy.

M. Mastrogregori provides a preliminary view, with introduction and textual appendix, of certain manuscript notebooks of Marc Bloch. Riv. Stor. Ital. cx

P. Burke discusses the work of the historian Lucien Febvre. Jnl. Eccles. Hist. I

J. Marek and F. Smahel review the influence of the Annales school of historians upon their colleagues in Czechoslovakia, beginning with those (few) who had contact with Bloch, Febvre, and Braudel. CCH, xcvii

B. Schneider reviews the debate among twentieth-century German historians, especially since Vatican II, about the concept of a `Catholic Enlightenment', which he deems now to be vindicated as describing an open and non-homogeneous movement within the Catholic Church with the aim of updating faith. Rev. d'hist. eccles. xciii

P. Caplan voices some reflections on history and anthropology, with examples drawn from his work on an African family. In the same volume A. Thomson outlines, with useful example, some of the pitfalls and difficulties in the way of writing oral history. Tr. R. Hist. Soc. ix

T.J. Gilfoyle, in a review of the historiography of prostitution, notes how the topic has moved from a marginal to an integrated place in our understanding of culture. Am. Hist. Rev. civ

O. G. Oexle discusses the ways in which some modern views of the Middle Ages -- mainly ones that are erroneous and born out of ignorance -- have been made to serve various ideologies, especially in Germany; but his language is often so cloudy that a clear meaning does not always emerge. Tr. R. Hist. Soc. ix

M. Cuaz reviews at length recent and not-so-recent literature and debate on the concepts and history of `nation' and `nationalism'. Riv. Stor. Ital. cx

G. Walker continues his exemplary record of all British theses in the area of Slavonic Studies, with a prominent place for those in History and related disciplines. The latest fully-indexed listings cover the years 1992-6. Oxford Slavonic Papers, NS, xxxi

Lexikon soucasnych ceskych historiku, comp. J. Panek and P. Vorel (Prague: Historicky Ustav AV CR, 1999; pp. 373. Pb. n.p.), is a splendid example of the exemplary work of the Historical Institute of the Czech Academy in organizing and documenting the activities of the profession in the Czech Republic. It provides detailed curricula vitae and notably comprehensive bibliographies of over 700 living historians in the country. Though this information is all in Czech, an English-language Introduction, together with the clear layout of the text, makes the volume accessible to foreign readers seeking details of book titles, institutional affiliation and the like; while the initiated can learn much about the vicissitudes of individual colleagues during the decades of Communism and its aftermath.

Introducing conference proceedings on Oral History, Memory and Written Tradition, P. M. Thane challenges as too simplistic the view that there has been a long-run shift from almost purely oral to purely literary cultures. Tr. R. Hist. Soc. ix

J. Cowans argues that Habermas's theory of the public and private spheres, though pioneering, has now largely been overtaken by the work of revisionist historians who reject the Marxian foundation of his ideas. French History, xiii

L. Bryder gives a polished and wide-ranging historiographical survey of sex, race and colonialism. Int. Hist. Rev. xx

General History

In her inaugural lecture, D. E. Greenway surveys with learning and elegance methods for dating from Biblical times to the invention of dating by the Incarnation. Hist. Res. lxxii

In his inaugural lecture as Regius Professor, The Language of History and the History of Language (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1998; pp. 34. 5 [pounds sterling]), R. J. W. Evans offers as his `big idea' `the symbiotic relation of History and Language'. He does so with a bravura display of intellect and learning, inter alia separating wheat from chaff among the post-modernists, waxing more enthusiastic about the sociolinguists, considering the `tu/vous' distinction, reflecting on how languages are born and how they die, and, in a more lengthy coda, putting forward some thoughts about the role of language in the Central European lands. That the lecture itself cites works in eight languages, including Czech, Russian, Welsh and Hungarian, should put his fellow professionals to shame.

On the basis of a close reading of biblical texts, J. Assmann supports Freud's hypotheses about links between monotheism and repression but denies his claim to be revealing hidden truths. Annales, liv

A. Papalas examines naval power relations in the Greek archipelago, 595-409 BC, focusing on the rise and fall of Polycrates of Samos, 530-525 BC, when he possessed a fleet of 40 triremes. Mariner's Mirror, lxxxv

In a wide-ranging survey, F. de Polignac discusses the development of the Alexander myth from ancient times and its broad dissemination throughout the Mediterranean world. Med. Hist. Rev. xiv

Using a selection of German historiography of the last hundred years, L.-M. Gunther discusses the nature of Carthaginian `parties' and concludes that factions in ancient societies were essentially personal followings without programmatic political aims. Med. Hist. Rev. xiv

E. Rebillard argues that in late antiquity, funerals and burials (like marriages) were regarded as a private matter in which the church did not intervene. Annales, liv

Among the five papers -- mainly about scriptural exegesis -- in Cristianesimo nella storia, xix/3, on Syrian Christianity between the second and fourth centuries, S. P. Brock stresses the importance of the Peshitta Old Testament for the historical study of its earliest stages.

L. S. B. MacCoull uses Coptic as well as Greek evidence to reconsider why St Gregory Thaumaturgus is the first person to be credited with a vision of the Virgin Mary, with emphasis upon the relevance of Egypt and its cultural sphere. Rev. d'hist. eccles. xciv

P. Laurence traces the life as Roman aristocratic wife, and then as a nun, of Albina, mother of Melania `the Younger'. Cristianesimo nella storia, xx

In a long review article on the fall of the Roman Empire in the west, G. Halsall comes up with, inter alia, some useful thoughts on ethnicity as `a state of mind'. Early Med. Eur. VIII

R. Scharf argues that the last two names in Jordanes's account of Aetius's army in 451 should be Riparioli Briones, with an emendation of the latter to Britones (!). MIOG, cvii

W. S. Watt proposes emendations of some textually difficult passages in the poems of Sidonius Apollinaris. Rev. Ben. cix

D. Alexandre-Bon criticizes the traditional view that in the Middle Ages images were the Bible of the illiterate on the grounds that many images displayed in churches were too difficult to see or too complex for ordinary people to understand. Annales, liii

C. Leyser argues that in Late Antiquity and in the early Middle Ages churchmen sometimes sought to portray themselves as vulnerable and weak -- qualities shown in their reluctance to accept office -- in order to enhance their authority by making plain their absolute indifference to personal gain from office. Augustine and Gregory the Great provide his two main examples. Bull. John Rylands Univ. Lib. lxxx

Basing himself on the evidence of the lives of saints and of religious images as well as on the liturgical texts themselves, E. Palazzo discusses the medieval liturgy as a mode of transmission of the Faith. Annales, liii

G. Todeschini traces the evolution of the vocabulary and ideas, primarily monastic, of economic analysis in Europe between the sixth and twelfth centuries, culminating in the identification of usury and Jewry. Riv. Stor. Ital. cx

P. J. Geary argues that vernacular phrases describing boundaries in Latin charters may reflect a formal riding of the boundaries by witnesses before the charter was drawn up. Tr. R. Hist. Soc. ix

In a study complementary to that of E. Rebillard in the same issue, M. Lauwers studies the rise of the Christian cemetery, an institution unknown to the early Church and established only in the twelfth century. Annales, liv

R. Meens shows that Irish ideas on the connection between purity and prosperity, and especially on the relationship between prosperity and good and just kingship, ultimately had Old Testament origins and took root in Francia under the Carolingians. Early Med. Eur. vii

Y. Hen, having reconsidered the `missionary' activity of Wynfrith/Boniface, uses the example of Leoba, abbess of Tauberbischofsheim, to suggest that, in a manner comparable with Peter Brown's `holy men', nuns came to play a fresh role in promoting Christianity in the Frankish kingdom. Rev. Ben. cix

M. Garrison discusses the biblical letters of admonition and exhortation sent to Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria, in 772, and to Charlemagne, in 775, by Clemens and Cathuulf respectively, two insular peregrini. Both letters foreshadowed the biblical milieu which was to develop at Charlemagne's court, while at the same time they incorporated elements of prayer which again drew extensively on biblical references. Early Med. Eur. vii

M. Gorman meticulously describes and comments upon Theodulf of Orleans's miscellany of biblical exegesis in Paris, BNF, MS lat. 15679, as a major monument of Carolingian biblical scholarship and testimony to the legacy of Visigothic learning. Rev. Ben. cix

F. Mossetti Casaretto finds in the notion of amicitia, especially in the Augustinian sense of friendship with God, the key to the understanding of Ermenric of Ellwangen's Epistola ad Grimaldum abbatem (850). Ibid.

M. Gorman concludes that when Lupus of Ferrieres sought manuscripts of Bede's `Quaestiones in utrumque testamentum' he had in mind the VIII Quaestiones, the ninth-century use of which Gorman discusses and a critical text of which he provides. He sees no reason to doubt its authenticity. Ibid.

E. Renard investigates the polyptych of Saint-Bertin (c. 844/59) to define more precisely the Latin terminology of such sources for holdings and people; the economy of Saint-Bertin appears to have been less static and more flexible in its administration than historians have supposed. Rev. d'hist. eccles. xciv

J. Haldon's theories regarding the state and tributary modes of production in pre-capitalist societies provide the focus for a symposium with contributions regarding its applicability to Byzantium and early Islam (Haldon), the `Neolithic revolution' (J. M. Vicent Garcia), Muslim Spain (E. Manzano Moreno) and Islamic ideology and the ideology of feudalism (M. Acien Almansa). Hispania, lviii

P.-I. Fransen lists further marginal notes of Florus of Lyons to works by Hilary of Poitiers as preserved in a tenth-century MS from Cluny, now Paris, BNF, nouv. acq. lat.1 1454. Rev. Ben. cix

The fullest and best introduction to Richer of St.-Remi and his Historia Francorum has been written by H. Hoffmann. Deutsches Archiv, liv

H.-H. Kortum seeks to give Silvester II (the former Gerbert) his due place in the history of the Papacy, primarily from the privileges he issued. Ibid., lv

S. Goldin discusses the changing relationship between Jews and Jewish converts to Christianity, from the eleventh-century stress on brotherhood to the later view that the convert was a danger to the survival of Judaism. Annales, liv

S. G. Bruce explains the origin and duties of the monastic circator (roundsman) from the eighth-century beginning of his office but with especial reference to Cluniac sources. Rev. Ben. cix

G. Knight reconsiders, on the evidence of his letters, Peter the Venerable's stance during the Anacletan schism: he somewhat distanced himself from St Bernard's military plans and political alliances, giving priority to pastoral responsibility and concern with a focus on French and Cluniac interests. Ibid.

Reconsidering the evidence for Welf properties in the Verona region, K. Baaken finds reasons for dating the Historia Welforum not earlier than 1184. Deutsches Archiv, lv

In a complex article, B. Z. Kedar provides a new edition of the twenty-five canons of the Council of Nablus of 1120 that was convened by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. The author contends that, while some of the canons are of original derivation, the majority of them are modelled on either Byzantine legislation or on the laws of the Frankish Kingdom. It is further advanced that the canons of Nablus entered into the laws of the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem. Speculum, lxxiv

E. van Houts shows that the role of women as oral witnesses in the medieval West, c. 800-1300, was, in largely informal ways, often greater than the law books would allow. The information which they were able to provide was sometimes indispensable, especially in eases concerning property and personal freedom. Tr. R. Hist. Soc. ix

M. Amouroux discusses the foundation of hospitals by the Franks in the Crusader states. She examines existing practices (Byzantine, Muslim and Italian) and assesses their contribution to the development of Frankish charitable institutions. There is a useful map, but some relevant recent studies (e.g. T. Miller's book on The Birth of the Hospital in Byzantium, the second edition of which is reviewed in the same issue of the journal) are not fully taken account of in her discussion. Med. Hist. Rev. xiv

T. S. Asbridge explores the impact of external military pressure on the Latin principality of Antioch, the survival there of Levantine administrative forms, and the significance of the tributes exacted by Antioch from Aleppo and Shaizar. Tr. R. Hist. Soc. ix

D. Gerish considers the reasons why the relic of the True Cross was not used by the rulers of the kingdom of Jerusalem to legitimize their position, in contrast to the use made of the Holy Lance by the Saxon emperors and of the oriflamme by the Capetians. Haskins Soc. Jnl. viii

Although relying largely on the usual suspects, K. Brunner has some new things to say about female self-awareness in the twelfth century. MIOG, cvii

A long, stylish and learned poem on Man and the Cosmos and Antique gods by Rahewin of Freising, c. 1170, is admirably edited and commented on by T. Haye. Deutsches Archiv, liv

C. T. Maier interprets the precisely-recorded Crusade-sermon of Martin of Pairis at Basel in 1200 as one directed to the already-committed. Ibid. lv

Through a comparison between law, jurisdiction, politics and social order in England, France and Germany, S. Reynolds challenges, stimulatingly if not always convincingly, received wisdom about English exceptionalism. An important article. 13th C. England, vii

M. Menzel, rigorously re-examining the textual evidence, sees the pueri who gave a distinctive character and a familiar name to the Crusade of 1212, as anti-clerical-inspired ordinary poor. Deutsches Archiv, lv

J. Powell argues that the anti-Friderician encyclical of Patriarch Gerold of Jerusalem in Matthew Paris's Chronica Majora is a deliberate forgery which has `profoundly distorted' the discussion of this period. Jnl. Med. Hist. xxv

The range of canon lawyers' opinions on legitimate forms of religious communities, especially female ones, prior to the Council of Constance, is examined by E. Makowski. Cath. Hist. Rev. lxxxv

R. Copsey tries to disentangle the various stories about St Simon Stock, prior-general of the Carmelites, and his scapular vision. Jnl. Eccles. Hist. l

Concentrating on evidence from southern Europe, J. Ziegler describes the part played by physicians in the process of canonization in the late medieval period -- chiefly as expert witnesses in cases where alleged miracles might be subject to naturalistic explanations. Soc. Hist. Med. xii

J. Miethke, while welcoming the first `complete' edition [New York, 1996] of the Chronicle of Nicholas the Minorite (Munich), which massively documents the controversies of the 1330s, is critical of many features of it. Deutsches Archiv, liv

Peter Schuster takes issue with the notion of a cultural and economic crisis in the later Middle Ages. He argues that the empirical basis for such a theory is inadequate and that the crisis is an invention of twentieth-century historians using concepts inappropriate to the reality of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Hist. Zschr. cclxix

S. Schein examines late-medieval accounts of female pilgrimages to Jerusalem, notably those of Bridget of Sweden and Margery Kempe, in the wider context of female spirituality. In discussing the nature of the Jerusalem visions of these two women, she concludes that their emphasis on the body of Christ and imitation of His suffering rather than on the spiritual rewards of pilgrimage, was a defining component of the piety of female pilgrims in the late Middle Ages. Med. Hist. Rev. xiv

P. Edbury summarizes the last decade of research into Cyprus under Lusignan and Venetian rule. Jnl. Med. Hist. xxv

M. Pereira discusses the proliferation of vernacular alchemical treatises in Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The author contends that the increasing use of vernacular languages instead of Latin for alchemical texts is, in part, to be explained by the fact that many alchemists operated outside the universities, regarding their subject as one which required as much practical experimentation as theoretical reflection. Speculum, lxxiv

P. Schiera offers a comparative historiographical survey of aspects of German and Italian history in the early modern period, seeking common features and issues capable of illuminating the wider course of early modern history. Ann. ist. stor. Italo-Germ. xxiii

While accepting that there was often a gap between popular and elite memories of particular events in early modern England, A. Fox points out that the saints, dragon-slayers and giants who featured extensively in folk tales were frequently derived from medieval learned traditions. Tr. R. Hist. Soc. ix

Historians of commerce and the commercial mind, c. 1500-1750, will find much that is rewarding in papers by P. Jeannin, J. Bottin, C. Poni, F. Garrigues and M. Morineau in a special number of Rev. d'hist. mod. et contemp. vol. xlv devoted to Acteurs et pratiques du commerce dans l'Europe moderne.

T. M. Izbicki discusses the polemics of the Dominican Cardinal Cajetan and the Parisian doctor Jacques Almain about the locus of governing authority in the Church. In the Thomist tradition, Cajetan argued that Christ founded the Church as a monarchy but left the constitution of civil regimes to human reason. Cristianesimo nella storia, xx

I. Bejczy challenges the received view that Erasmus (as a leading mediator of Italian humanism to northern Europe) came to identify personally with Italian culture. The unsettling of this particular common place should encourage a wider reassessment of the supposedly inevitable dissemination of humanism. Med. et Hum. xxiv

The same author examines Erasmus's reading of medieval authors, especially St Bernard (whom he admired) and Jean Gerson (the scholastic writer for whom he had the highest regard). Rev. d'hist. eccles. xciii

P.-A. Fabre considers the place of converted Jews in the Society of Jesus in Spain and Italy until their entry was forbidden at the end of the sixteenth century, examining the meaning of conversion both for the Society and for the converted themselves. Annales, liv

L. Della Giustina analyses in the context of European humanism and science the Tipocosmia of Alessandro Citaolini, as remote forerunner of the Encyclopedie. Arch. Stor. Ital. clvii

T. Wahnbaeck analyses the first thorough rebuttal of Bodin's Six Books in the papally approved work of Fabio Albergati, Discorsi politici (1602). Zschr. f. hist. Forsch. xxvi

R. Marza surveys the diplomatic contacts between Michael the Brave of Wallachia and the imperial court at Prague during the first period of the Fifteen Years War against the Ottomans. Fol. Hist. Boh. xix

M. Biagioni studies in detail the correspondence and relations between the Italian free thinker and `heretic', Francesco Pucci, and the Swiss Protestant theologian, Samuel Huber. Riv. Stor. Ital. cxi

J. G. Norman reviews recent work on scientific knowledge in the early modern period. This intelligent piece urges sensitivity to the precise ways in which the metaphors, used at different times to explain the world, were adopted from one domain of knowledge into another. Med. et Hum. xxv

R. G. Asch considers the relationship between the financing of war and the development of the state in the seventeenth century. In Spain wars bore directly on the population because troops lived off the land and engaged in plunder. In France war led to increased taxes levied by central authorities. In England, on the other hand, the civil war strengthened provincial gentry and indirect taxes remained the main source of revenue. Hist. Zschr. cclxviii

Drawing on a wide range of primary materials, D. Harley makes a lively contribution to the debate over the social construction of sickness and healing. Soc. Hist. Med. xii

D. T. B. Trim publishes five letters from Sir Horace Vere to the Stuart court, 1610-12, which throw light on the 1610 Cleves-Julich war, the Arminian crisis, and the workings of military patronage in both England and Holland. Hist. Res. lxxii

D. Craxton insists that the peace of Westphalia contributed little to the theory or practice of sovereignty. Int. Hist. Rev. xxi

M. Magdelaine tells the story of the Huguenots who migrated to Swiss cantons, German towns, the Netherlands and Great Britain after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and shows how they were often the subject of popular hostility, although welcomed by governments. Schweiz. Zschr. f. Gesch. xlix

Inspired by interests in the history of the Sareni (?) under Swedish colonization and of the Indians in North America, G. Fur writes with the aim of encouraging debate about the marginalization, indeed the exclusion from history, of indigenous people under European rule. He has much to say which should be heeded by European historians. Historisk Tidskrift, 1999

M. Rheinheimer discusses the threat to Western European seamen from Barbary Coast privateers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Using letters and memoirs of kidnapped and enslaved sailors from Schleswig-Holstein, he points out that they tend to present a stereotypical picture of the Berbers. The slaves did all they could to retain their Christian identity and had little contact with Islamic culture. Hist. Zschr. cclxix

Comparing English and French aristocracies in the eighteenth century, M. W. McCahill finds the English rather more open (pace the Stones) than the French, but even more distinctive in its social and political cohesiveness. Albion, xxx

J. Shaw considers what may be learnt from Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's Embassy Letters, from Turkey, about deist attitudes to religion -- in her case, the attitude of a female deist who was an observer in the field rather than an armchair philosopher. Bull. John Rylands Univ. Lib. lxxx

R. Law and K. Mann explain the role of the West African slave trade in developing a complex series of links with the Americas and Europe. William and Mary Qu. lvi

D. Syrett shows how the raising of American troops for service in the West Indies during the War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1, revealed a growing reluctance to give unconditional support to British interests. The Americans were unwilling to serve under British officers and some colonial assemblies were unwilling to grant funds: a foretaste of the regional sentiment which would later lead to revolution. Hist. Res. lxxii

P. Lucier draws together a great deal of evidence to support his view that the nineteenth-century science of applied geology possesses considerable intrinsic importance, despite its relative neglect by historians of geology. History of Science, xxxvii

The Austrian playwright Franz Grillparzer (1791-1872) left a significant body of work as a social and historical critic. J. Grosse shows how its pessimistic tendency to emphasize time and experience ran counter to historical theories of that age. Hist. Jahrb. cxix

G. T. Melancon puts forward a revisionist case on Anglo-Chinese relations after the abolition of the East India Company's Chinese trading monopoly in 1834. He argues that the home government relied more on conciliation than on force (to which it was indeed thoroughly opposed) in its attempts to expand British trading privileges. Hist. Res. lxxii

R. Raab charts attitudes to the Hungarian revolution of 1848-9 in the contemporary Danish press. Szazadok, cxxxiii

T. Catalan explores the conflict between Jewish identity and the pressures to integrate into European societies after civil emancipation. He shows the fragmentary, individual rather than collective process of integration during the nineteenth century, and how the Jewish community found itself under increasing pressure in the increasingly nationalistic and anti-Semitic atmosphere of the early twentieth century. Ann. ist. stor. Italo-Germ. xxiii

L. Lukacs cites from the first-year's reports, in 1872, of the first British consul at Budapest, and shows that E. J. Monson was already a diligent and well-informed observer of the Hungarian scene. Szazadok, cxxxiii

J. P. Jellie explains the origins and structure of the Commercial Code of Signals produced by the Signal Committee of 1855-6 and still in international use by merchant shipping in the mid-twentieth century. Mariner's Mirror, lxxxv

P. Barton records the career of the barque Agrippina, 1834-65, coal-tender to the American Confederate Steamship Alabama, 1862-4. Ibid.

U. Kirchberger examines the involvement of German emigrants to Britain in the activities of the Nationalverein, 1859-67. Under the impact of priorities in the United Kingdom, they made special play with the international character and the colonial ambitions of the German national cause. Eur. Hist. Qu. xxix

W. A. Van't Padje charts the friendship between the British diplomat Sir Alexander Malet and Bismarck: a personal relationship which did little to mitigate the latter's general hostility to Britain. Hist. Res. lxxii

D. Stevenson examines the `railway race', especially between 1870 and 1914, and its effect on the outbreak of the First World War. It contributed to making both Germany and France willing to contemplate the risk of war. It then denied Germany a quick victory over France. And in the end the French system, helped by British and American technicians and locomotives, stood up better than those of Russia, Austria and Germany. Past & Present, clxii

In a wide-ranging and stimulating article, D. Lieven sets the Tsarist Russian empire in the context of the imperial experiences of Britain, Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans in the period 1880-1918. While accepting the immensity of the challenge posed by the rise of nationalism, he warns against any assumption that the dilemmas of empire would result in the triumph of democracy and nationalism. Jnl. Contemp. Hist. xxxiv

J. Kurzreiter estimates the significance of the role played by Austria-Hungary in the international negotiations over the Congo in 1884-5, though he admits that it exerted little influence, even in the commercial and humanitarian arenas which most concerned it. MOStA, xlvi

D. Gardey examines the history of office work, the mechanization of techniques following the invention of the typewriter and the emergence of the shorthand-typist or secretary as a new feminine profession. Annales, liv

J. Lucassen and E. J. Zurcher survey the history of conscription and popular resistance in the Islamic Middle East, noting similarities with European experience. Case-studies are provided for Mehmed Ali's Egypt (K. Fahmy), the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire (E. J. Zurcher), and twentieth-century Iran (S. Cronin). Int. Rev. Soc. Hist. xliii

F. Costigliola introduces a set of articles devoted to sex. He gives his own scholarly accounts of British and American problems in the Soviet Union in the Second World War. Int. Hist. Rev. xx

J. Welshman highlights an important area still wanting thorough examination by historians, the relationship of medical science and practice to sporting behaviour and performance. Int. Jnl. Hist. Sport, xv

Drawing on newly-available material, D. Fabrizio examines the negative response of the papacy in the opening years of the twentieth century to Turkish proposals to establish diplomatic relations and assume in the place of the French the protectorate over Catholics in Ottoman dominions. Nuova Riv. Stor. lxxxii

M. Lenderova reviews the years (1909-11) spent by Paul Claudel as French consul in Prague. Though Claudel dutifully informed himself and his government on Bohemian culture and society, his Catholic conservatism made him basically unsympathetic to the Czech national cause and he established few contacts with its representatives. CCH, xcvii

L. L. Downs analyses the effects of war on the sexual division of labour in England and France via a case-study of metal-working trades, emphasizing the failure of employers to adapt to the influx of female workers. Annales, liv

Focusing on the German execution in 1916 of Captain C. A. Fryatt for employing a British merchant ship offensively against a submarine, A. G. Jamieson explores the issue of whether merchant shipping in wartime has belligerent rights. Mariner's Mirror, lxxxv

L. Edmonds assesses the competing objectives of Britain, out to dish Pan American and KLM in developing a Short flying-boat service, and Australia, who sought a speedier and more effective integrating link, based upon superior American landplanes, the DC-2 and DC-3, the former mounting the service almost immediately truncated by war. Jnl. Transport Hist. xx

A. Mares charts the military relations between France and the new Czechoslovakia, especially through the eyes of the French military mission to Prague. Though they issued in the accord of 1924, there was much concern about the reluctance of the Czechs to place deterrence of Germany at the top of their agenda. CCH, xcvii

T. Notare gives long and detailed consideration to the discussion of and resolution about contraception at the Lambeth Conference of 1930, which she regards as characterized by a confusion and compromising of tradition that also marked the contemporary public debate. Rev. d'hist. eccles. xciv

G. Romsics examines the coverage of Hungarian affairs between 1922 and 1939 in the journal of American diplomacy, Foreign Affairs: a long article, whose returns hardly appear commensurate. Szazadok, cxxxiii

T. D. Sfikas presents the arguments of his recent book in Greek: a comparative analysis of the Second Greek Republic (1924-35) and the Second Spanish Republic (1931-6). This approach yields some valuable insights. Eur. Hist. Qu. xxix

M. Adam investigates Hungary's role in the collapse of the European security system established at Versailles, and the implications for Hungary of the Munich settlement. Szazadok, cxxxiii

The divisions and follies of emigre European socialists and British left-wing intellectuals during the Second World War and their essential failure to generate any `European' sense are the subject of a study by I. Tombs. Rev. d'hist. mod. et contemp. xlvi

E. Lebensaft and C. Mentschl document the wearisome negotiations whereby Austrian emigres interned in France at the outbreak of war were transferred into British service, but too late to participate in the evacuation at Dunkirk. MOStA, xlvi

S. R. Welch reassesses the operation of German military justice during the Second World War, in particular the claim that it was no more severe than its equivalent in the USA. He finds that whereas the (initial) verdicts of American military courts could indeed appear draconian in certain respects, German punishments were of a different order of magnitude altogether, especially since they recognized no extenuating circumstances. Thus, for example, Germany executed nearly 20,000 soldiers for desertion, the USA only one. German History, xvii

In a scholarly article, T. D. Biddle discusses the role of `Bomber Harris' in the attack on German towns in 1942-5 and suggests that while his Command became the most efficient and effective strategic air force, his obstinacy prevented his making the best use of it. Int. Hist. Rev. xxi

M. Polisenska raises the thorny issue of Czechoslovak citizens deported to the USSR after World War II (despite the fact that the two countries had not been at war). Much remains obscure about this episode, not least the numbers of those involved. Bohemia, xxxix

D. S. Foglesong shows that US propaganda directed against the USSR in 1948-53 was not simply anti-communist but was influenced by history, religious beliefs and attitudes to race. He regards the liberating effort as part of a drive to remake the world after the US pattern. Int. Hist. Rev. xxi

A special issue (No. vi) of the Revue francaise d'histoire des idees politiques presents the contributions to a conference held on the theme of Dictatorship, Absolutism and Totalitarianism. The nine contributions (and substantial verbatim discussions) range from brief essays on Plato, Hobbes, Constant and de Tocqueville to a more substantial essay by Etienne Tassin re-evaluating Arendt's concept of totalitarianism.

G. Hachem explains the part played by the Catholic Melkite Church in preparation for and during the Second Vatican Council, with especial regard to the concept and operation of the Roman primacy. Rev. d'hist. eccles. xciii

G. Alberigo sets the Second Vatican Council in the wider context of contemporary cultural currents and changes. Cristianesimo nella storia, xx

Africa

A. Hannoum examines the history of the story of the Kahina, a Berber queen who supposedly led the resistance to the Arab conquest, as a myth which has served different purposes over the centuries. Annales, liv

P. E. Lovejoy and D. Richardson employ the techniques of `institutional …