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In 1597, Gaspare Tagliacozzi, a professor of surgery at the University of Bologna, published "De Curtorum Chirurgia per Insitionem," an illustrated guide that documented for the first time a technique for performing a rhinoplasty, or nose job. And what a nose job it was. In one of a series of woodcuts, Tagliacozzi depicts a noseless Renaissance gentleman, his ruff untied and his jerkin unlaced, sitting with left arm outstretched, a meaty flap hanging from his biceps; in the next, an elaborate harness straps his arm up and back, so that his face is buried in his upper arm and his hand is extended over his head, as if he were sniffing his armpit and scratching his occipital ...