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Increasing the level of professionalism in local government was a significant component of the study and practice of public administration during the 20th century. (1) It partially stemmed from the desire to formalize local government administration, a concept that describes job standardization, behavior control, role specialization, and articulated procedures. (2) Professionalism represents the primary external force of formalization, emanating from an accepted body of standards, expertise in a specific area or field, and extensive training and education required for professional development. (3) It is strongly supported by such organizations as the International ...