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There exists among us by ordinary--both North and South--a profound conviction that the South is another land, sharply differentiated from the rest of the American nation .... the notion that the country is--not quite a nation within a nation, but the next thing to it. W.J. Cash, The Mind of the South, 1941
The Old South is both a geographical and cultural region that has always maintained a distinctive identity. As early as 1750, a generation before the American Revolution, clear differences existed between the southern colonies and the Middle Atlantic and New England colonies. Those differences persisted after the Revolution and intensified during the first half of the nineteenth century. By 1860 the division between the South and the rest of the country had grown into a chasm. The South had become synonymous with plantations, cotton, and slavery--a beleaguered region seeking to hold onto a way of life that could not endure.
The region's decision to leave the Union in 1860 and 1861 defined the South forever after. However, it is not, as the modern stereotype would have it, an unchanging land of magnolia blossoms, Spanish moss, and crumbling plantations. Geographically it is a land of many contrasts, from the red soil of Virginia and North Carolina to the black clay of the Mississippi Delta; from the wild forests of eastern Kentucky to the swampy jungles of southern Louisiana; from the ...