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If the word smalt is unfamiliar to you, you are not alone. Smalt is ground cobalt blue glass, an inexpensive way to obtain a dark blue pigment that goes back at least to ancient Egypt. The expensive way was to grind lapis lazuli imported from Afghanistan, and, indeed, ultramarine, the name for a dark blue color paint today, means "beyond the sea," referring to that source during the Bronze Age lapis trade.
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To make smalt, cobalt ore is smelted, and the resulting cobalt oxide poured into molten glass. ...