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There was a time when pregnancy and its outcome were clouded in mystery, when fetal outcome was known only at birth. Over many years, that mystery has dissipated as an evolution of technological developments occurred, eventually leading to the discipline of prenatal diagnosis.
In the 1800s, fetal assessment using the Pinard stethoscope was introduced. This was followed by the introduction and use of more refined instruments that similarly focused on assessment of fetal movement and the fetal heart rate. In 1958, Dr. E.H. Hon introduced electronic fetal monitoring--a technology that enabled us to attempt to assess fetal well-being by attributing illness or lack of health to significant changes in the heart rate. After Dr. Ian Donald of the United Kingdom introduced obstetric ultrasound in the late 1950s and early 1960s, we began using more sophisticated technology to assess the global appearance of the in utero environment.
As this succession of technological innovations occurred, the desire of parents and families to know about the well-being of the fetus grew. Parents welcomed the development of more sophisticated ultrasound and their new ability to scrutinize the fetus in even greater detail, assessing not only its anatomical development but ...