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Smoking and major depression - linked but not causal.
Because of the large numbers of people who are both nicotine dependent and depressed, researchers have questioned whether smoking causes depression or vice versa, or whether other factors are involved. Two studies, both recently published in the Archives of General Psychiatry, conclude that the association between smoking and depression is not causal in nature, but instead, is due to common predisposing influences such as genetic factors.
In the first study, conducted under the direction of Naomi Breslau, Ph.D., of the University of Michigan School of Medicine, the study sample consisted of 1,200 young people randomly selected from 400,000 enrollees in a Michigan health maintenance organization. The subjects ranged in age from 21 to 30 years of age. Sixty-two percent of the sample was female, 81% white and 29% college educated. This report is based on the 955 subjects who completed baseline and follow-up assessment.
At baseline, the researchers used the National Institute of Mental Health-Diagnostic Interview Schedule (NIMH-DIS) to determine the subjects' lifetime history of alcohol, other …
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