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In the murky pre-dawn hours of October 30, 1879, Lieutenant Stanton Mason and a detachment of 12 soldiers arrived at the Ponca reservation in Oklahoma's Indian Territory. After concealing their horses behind a small general store, the troops quietly met with William Whiteman, the Indian affairs agent assigned to the Poncas.
For several months, Whiteman had barraged Interior Secretary Carl Schurz with telegrams describing the supposed threat posed by Big Snake, one of several men recognized as chiefs by the Poncas. The dispatches described Big Snake as "extremely sullen and morose" and accused him of having "a very demoralizing effect upon the other Indians." Just ...