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In 1878, Congress enacted the Posse Comitatus law, which bans the use of American military personnel in domestic law enforcement. The inspiration for that law was the abusive behavior of military personnel used to enforce Reconstruction policies in the conquered South.
During debate over the measure, one congressman offered this grim recital of official abuses: "Our Army, degraded from its high position of defenders of the country from foreign and domestic foes, has been used as a police; has taken possession of polls and controlled elections; has been sent with fixed bayonets into the halls of State Legislatures in time of peace and under the pretense of threatened outbreak." The Posse Comitatus Act was intended to prevent a relapse of such outrages, as well as to fortify the critical barrier between law enforcement and the military.
In 2002, the Bush administration urged Congress to undertake a review of the Posse Comitatus law, with a view toward modifying it (or perhaps repealing it outright) in the name of fighting terrorism. The armed violence that erupted in New Orleans subsequent to Hurricane Katrina has triggered a renewed focus on "reexamining" Posse Comitatus.
Source: HighBeam Research, Militarizing law enforcement?(INSIDER REPORT)