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The 2000 Census ushered in the third century of census-taking in the United States, yielding results both expected and surprising. On April 1, 2000, the U.S. population stood at 281,421,906 (Exhibit 1). This figure includes the addition of 32.7 million Americans, marking the largest numerical increase ever recorded from one census to the next. The last census of the 20th century was also the first in which all 50 states increased in population (Exhibit 2).
Although the United States Constitution requires a decennial census for the express purpose of allocating congressional representation, its significance extends far beyond this. The federal government ...