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Throughout history, math has been seen as a key to understanding the universe, "a more powerful instrument of knowledge than any other that has been bequeathed by human agency," wrote Descartes. Now a new book by Hubble space-telescope scientist Mario Livio explains how math is embedded in everything from language and art to nature and astronomy. How does he do that? By exploring the 2,400-year history of one number: phi, the lesser-known cousin of another remarkable number, pi.
In "The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number," Livio traces the discovery of phi back to ancient Greeks who noticed that when a line is divided into two unequal sections, the ratio of the longer part to the shorter is in the "golden proportion" if it equals the ratio of the whole line to the longer section. First dubbed the "divine proportion" by a 15th-century friar who argued that it was the most esthetically pleasing ratio, by the 20th century the number--now called phi--had developed a cult following ...