Attitude Adjustment: How the Hungarians got it; who needs it now.

The battle of the Lechfeld, which was fought on a rainy Friday in August of a.d. 955, does not figure in any of those books describing the most decisive or most significant battles in world history -- books by historians like Edward Creasy or Victor Davis Hanson. This is a shame, and a bit unfair, but understandable. Lechfeld was decisive -- very decisive -- but it was decisive only for one small and inconsequential nation: Hungary. Even if not of any great moment to the world at large, though, the battle of the Lechfeld deserves a chapter all to itself in the annals of Attitude Adjustment.

The Hungarians had first showed up in Europe some decades earlier as marauders from the east. Brilliant horsemen, sweeping across the landscape with terrible swiftness on their light steppe ponies, overwhelming the clumsy knights of early-medieval Europe with thick showers of arrows, they terrorized the continent from the late 9th century on. Gibbon speaks of "the black swarm of the Hungarians," and some scholars think that the word "ogre" originates in the old Slavic word Ugri, meaning "Hungarian." Colin McEvedy, writing of the situation in Europe round about a.d. 900, says: "The unhappy condition of the West at the time is well shown in the history of Burgundy, a state which would appear to be comparatively inaccessible, but which within half a century was raped by Viking, Moslem and Magyar in turn." ("Magyar" is the Hungarian word for "Hungarian.")

Well, in the summer of 955 the Hungarian army was enjoying a rampage through southern Germany, in support of the enemies of the German king, Otto the First. Unfortunately for them, Otto was a great general, while their own leader -- he rejoiced in the name "Bloody Bulcsu" -- was a mediocre one. Otto met the Hungarians at the Lechfeld in Bavaria and, after a bitter all-day battle, routed them. According to national legend, only seven soldiers got back to Hungary alive, out of an initial host of 40,000. "The loss of the Hungarians was greater in the flight than in the action," says Gibbon, "and their past cruelties excluded them from the hope of mercy."

After Lechfeld, the Hungarians abruptly stopped raiding and settled down to farm the Pannonian plain. Forty years later, their great king Stephen embraced the Cross, and the transformation of the savage Magyar horde into the Christian Kingdom of Hungary was complete. Attitude adjustment, see?

History contains many other instances of attitude adjustment, of course. The Roman conquest of Britain occurred, in theory, with the fall of Colchester in a.d. 43; but it was not a fact until the crushing of Boudicca's rebellion 17 years later, with a "butcher's bill" in six digits. Only then did the British adjust their attitude and become good citizens of Rome. More familiar to Americans are Sherman's "pacification" of the South, and the thorough and devastating defeats of Germany and Japan in World War II. In every case, those who had suffered bloody and catastrophic defeat were thereby persuaded to give up a fight they all too clearly saw they could not win, and adjusted their attitude to deal with the new reality.

All of which came to mind, of course, as a result of reading daily news and comment about the Middle East in recent weeks. My personal approach to Middle East commentary is that in a matter as deep, fraught, and tangled as this, it is not a bad idea to see what really well- credentialed commentators have to say. Now, I don't mean to imply that such people are going to be infallibly correct. Seriously well- credentialed people are often seriously wrong. Still, other things being equal, you are considerably more likely to gain genuine understanding from reading Professor Polyglot than from surfing the ...