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INTRODUCTION
A large-scale toxic chemical release in a populated area has a high likelihood of leading to a mass casualty incident, which, in turn, would have a sizeable impact on the health care system. (1,2) In order to save as many lives as possible in such events, on-scene medical triage and treatment is crucial. The challenge for emergency medical services (EMS), comprised of paramedics and fire first-responders, is a combination of the following: recognizing that a chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) event has occurred; providing resuscitative care in or near a potentially contaminated area; identifying the toxic agent to allow specific ...