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1. Introduction
Heat from various sources such as solar heat, geothermal heat and exhaustion of the automobiles can be directly converted into electricity using thermoelectric (TE) device (via the "Seebeck effect"). Reversely the TE device can work in a refrigeration mode (via the "Peltier effect"). Being all-solid assembly, responsive, moving-part free and easy to be coupled to other energy-conversion techniques, the TE device has found niche applications for deep space missions, as well as laboratory and medical equipments, where issues such as cost and efficiency are less important than that of overall energy reliability, the size of the device and quiet ...