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Radar observations of Arctic bird migration in the Beringia region.(ARCTIC)(Report)

Arctic

| March 01, 2009 | Hedenstrom, A.; Alerstam, T.; Backman, J.; Gudmundsson, G.A.; Henningsson, S.; Karlsson, H.; Rosen, M.; Strandberg, R. | COPYRIGHT 2009 Arctic Institute of North America of the University of Calgary. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.  All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information)Copyright

ABSTRACT. Bird migration was recorded by tracking radar and visual observations in the Beringia region. The data were subdivided into seven areas extending from north of Wrangel Island southeastward toward the Bering Strait and then northwestward off the coast of Alaska to Point Barrow. The studies, which took place during a ship-based expedition between 30 July and 19 August 2005, recorded a total of 557 tracks (average duration 120 seconds) of bird flocks or individuals on post breeding migration. The dominant eastward-flying flocks were likely composed of shorebirds on their way from breeding areas in central or eastern Siberia to intermediate stopovers and final destinations in North and South America. The courses were more southerly into the Bering Strait, possibly because of topographical influence. At two areas, the Chukchi Sea and Koluch-inskaya Bay, there was also a westward component of migrants. At the Chukchi Sea these were almost certainly passerine birds migrating from Alaska to wintering areas in Asia and Africa, while at Koluchinskaya Bay, king eiders on molt migration could represent an important part of the westward component. The overall mean altitude of flights was 1157 m, and flight altitude was positively correlated with latitude. The mean ground speed was 15.9 m/s and the mean airspeed was 14.1 m/s, indicating that on average the birds were experiencing a small tail wind component. The airspeed was a function of the tail wind component and the vertical speed; altitude and the side wind component did not contribute significantly to variation in airspeed in this data set. Comparing these results with similar data obtained from Siberia and Canada, we concluded that Beringia is a migration hotspot where intense bird migration crosses between Asia and Alaska in both directions.

Key words: Arctic birds, bird flight, migration, Beringia, flight altitude, flight speed, orientation, great circle, radar

RESUME. La migration d'oiseaux a ete enregistree au moyen de radars de poursuite et d'observations visuelles dans la region de Beringie. Les donnees ont ete sous-divisees en sept zones, allant du nord de lile Wrangel vers le sud-est en direction du detroit de Bering, puis vers le nord-ouest, au large de la cote de l'Alaska jusqu'a la pointe Barrow. Les etudes ont ete effectuees dans le cadre d'une expedition en bateau realisee entre le 30 juillet et le 19 aout 2005. Elles ont permis de repertorier un total de 557 pistes (d'une duree moyenne de 120 secondes) de volees d'oiseaux ou d'oiseaux individuels en migration de post-reproduction. Les volees dominantes en direction de l'est etaient probablement composees d'oiseaux de rivage venant de leurs aires de reproduction du centre or de l'est de la Siberie en route vers des escales intermediaires et des destinations finales situees en Amerique du Nord et en Amerique du Sud. Dans le detroit de Bering, les parcours se trouvaient plus au sud, ce qui etait peut-etre attribuable a l'influence de la topographic Dans deux zones, en mer des Tchouktches et dans la baie Koluchinskaya, il y avait aussi une composante de migrants en direction de l'ouest. A la mer des Tchouktches, il y avait presque certainement des passeriformes en migration de l'Alaska vers des aires d'hivernage en Asie et en Afrique, tandis que dans la baie de Koluchinskaya, des eiders a tete grise en migration de mue auraient pu representer une partie importante de la composante en direction de l'ouest. Laltitude moyenne generate des vols etait de 1157 m, et l'altitude des vols etait positivement correlee a la latitude. La vitesse moyenne au sol atteignait 15.9 m/s et la vitesse aerodynamique moyenne s'etablissait a 14,1 m/s, ce qui indique qu'en moyenne, les oiseaux subissaient un faible vent arriere. La vitesse aerodynamique etait une fonction de la composante du vent arriere et de la vitesse verticale; la composante de l'altitude et du vent lateral n'a pas contribue considerablement a la variation de la vitesse aerodynamique dans cet ensemble de donnees. Apres avoir compare ces resultats a des donnees semblables prelevees en Siberie et au Canada, nous en avons conclu que la Beringie est un point chaud de migration ou des migrations intenses d'oiseaux traversent entre l'Asie et l'Alaska dans les deux sens.

Mots eles: oiseaux de l'Arctique, vol d'oiseau, migration, Beringie, altitude de vol, vitesse de vol, orientation, grand cercle, radar

Traduit pour la revue Arctic par Nicole Giguere.

INTRODUCTION

The cold winters prevent year-round residency of most birds in the Arctic, but the high productivity during summer attracts large numbers of migratory birds that come there to breed. Migratory journeys of Arctic-breeding birds are often impressive, commonly involving movements between High Arctic tundras and wintering areas in the Southern Hemisphere.

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