Findings in hormones reported from A. Pedram and co-researchers.

"Estrogen receptors (ERs) alpha and beta exist as nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membrane cellular pools in a wide variety of organs. The relative contributions of each ER alpha pool to in vivo phenotypes resulting from estrogen signaling have not been determined," scientists in the United States report (see also Hormones).

"To address this, we generated a transgenic mouse expressing only a functional E domain of ER alpha at the plasma membrane (MOER). Cells isolated from many organs showed membrane only localized E domain of ER alpha and no other receptor pools. Liver cells from MOER and wild type mice responded to 17-beta-estradiol (E2) with comparable activation of ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, not seen in cells from ER alpha KO mice. Mating the MOER female mice with proven male wild type breeders produced no pregnancies because the uterus and vagina of the MOER female mice were extremely atrophic. Ovaries of MOER and homozygous Strasbourg ER alpha KO mice showed multiple hemorrhagic cysts and no corpus luteum, and the mammary gland development in both MOER and ER alpha KO mice was rudimentary. Despite elevated serum E2 levels, serum LH was not suppressed, and prolactin levels were low in MOER mice. MOER and Strasbourg female mice showed plentiful abdominal visceral and other depots of fat and ...