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Sometime before 1450 B.C. in the Egyptian city of Heliopolis, the pharaoh Thutmose III ordered a pair of obelisks. They were to be cut from red granite and erected at the Temple of the Rising Sun. Two hundred or so years later, Ramses II had them inscribed with boasts about his military triumphs. In 13 B.C., Augustus had the obelisks transported to Alexandria and installed at the Caesareum, Cleopatra's tribute to her husband, Mark Antony. There they stood sentry for another two thousand years, as the Caesareum and every subsequent building on that site got pulverized. By the time Napoleon entered Alexandria, in 1798, the obelisks--now known as Cleopatra's Needles--had ...