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ABSTRACT
Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is a long-lived, shade tolerant tree species that sometimes occurs in pure stands on lower slopes and stream valleys of Appalachian forests in eastern North America. The range of eastern hemlock extends from southern Quebec and Ontario southward to Georgia and along the Cumberland Plateau to Alabama. Eastern hemlock is currently being threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), a defoliating insect. The decline of eastern hemlock is consistent with the contagion hypothesis of range collapse, and disjunct eastern hemlock populations near the southern boundary of the species may not be extirpated because of ...