Introduction: community informatics and community development.

Community informatics, a comparatively new discipline, is the study of information and communication technology (ICT) in community development work. Michael Gurstein (2000,p. 1) defines community informatics as "a technology strategy or discipline which links economic and social development at the community level with emerging opportunities" in a wide variety of information and communication technology applications. At the same time, Loader, Hague, and Eagle (2000) from the United Kingdom were describing community informatics as an approach that enables the connection of cyberspace to community places, a field of investigation regarding the ways in which ICT can be geographically embedded and developed by community groups to support new and existing networks. Earlier, Schuler (1996) had described the social movement termed community networking, tracing the history of freenets, computer-supported community work, and community networks tying the community-based social networks of physical relationships to a computer-based technology that permitted enhancement of these networks.

This issue of COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: Journal of the Community Development Society furthers the exploration of community informatics and community development by providing a number of illustrative and challenging articles about both application and critical thinking. This field is one in which the application of technology has provided leadership to thinking about the ways and means of application and the implications for community and technology theory. Through efforts to promote local initiatives and state and federal programs, the number and scope of applications have proliferated. At the same time, efforts to document these applications have been difficult to mobilize--much less organize--for intensive and critical study. Consequently, we know a lot more about "how" than "why" and "with what effects." Even with so many applications documented, the analysis of what worked and why is limited. In this issue, a very modest attempt to "catch up" has been assembled although it should be noted that our efforts are still more documentary than analytical. Nevertheless, it is extremely important to community development that this documentation is done as the rhetoric surrounding ICT developments has been very direct in its implications for improving community well-being. Since ICT represents what numerous observers and policy makers have called a "transformational technology," the slowness of our efforts to think critically about what we are doing seems strange. Nevertheless, with new journals recently emerging and many new books on a multitude of related topics, the analytical field is gaining traction in a field where technology and its applications changes very rapidly.

ICT APPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Since the emergence of the Information Superhighway programs of the Clinton Administration, the United States has witnessed an explosion of ICT applications in many fields. Not to be out done, the European Union created its own supporting programs as did other English-speaking nations like Australia and Canada. In addition, many states, recognizing some limitations in federal programs, created their own initiatives. As multi-lingual capabilities became available in ICT applications, African and Latin American nations joined the movement. All were justified as helping citizens take advantage of ICT's powerful functions and speeding up the deployment of the technology, which had been left primarily to the private sector. In less advantaged countries, the argument was supplemented by the perception that ICT capacity was necessary to support development and participation in the global economy.

Although the specific applications are too numerous to discuss here, the areas in which applications have been made cover the spectrum of community development interests. Central, of course, are applications that emphasize community building. Scott and Johnson provide readers of this issue a thoughtful and analytical discussion of on-line applications in existence that, for the most part, are not civic in purpose but nevertheless emphasize a number of community dimensions in their concrete manifestations. Their discussion demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of on-line community as an idea--as well as a reality--and provides useful insight to a number of design elements that would support more civic applications in physical communities. At the same time, they acknowledge that their efforts are extremely superficial and ...