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"PLEASE ATTEND Hampstead Police Station on 3rd October 1939 at noon, and bring with you all papers regarding your nationality and those connected with your profession or business."
So began Heinz Wolfgang Arndt's ordeal as an enemy alien. The Chamberlain government had not intended it to be an ordeal. Determined to avoid the undiscriminating mistreatment of aliens during the war of 1914-19, it established 120 tribunals throughout Britain whose mandate was to assess the loyalty of some 73,500 foreigners. It was to classify them in three categories: A (dangerous; to be interned); B (of uncertain loyalty; to be restricted); or C (friendly; to remain at liberty). The ...