Annex: summary of the strength of evidence for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, dental disease and osteoporosis.(Diet, Nutrition And The Prevention Of Chronic Diseases)(Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases)(Illustration)

 
Annex 
Summary of the strength of evidence for obesity, type 
2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, 
dental disease and osteoporosis (a) 
 
                                                           Type 2 
                                      Obesity             diabetes 
 
Energy and fats 
High intake of                   C [up arrow] 
  energy-dense foods 
Saturated fatty acids                                P [up arrow] 
Trans fatty acids 
Dietary cholesterol 
Myristic and 
  palmitic acid 
Linoleic acid 
Fish and fish oils 
  (EPA and DHA) 
Plant sterols and stanols 
  [alpha]-Linolenic acid 
Oleic acid 
Stearic acid 
Nuts (unsalted) 
 
Carbohydrate 
High intake of NSP               C [down arrow]      P [down arrow] 
  (dietary fibre) 
Free sugars (frequency 
  and amount) 
Sugar-free chewing gum 
Starch (d) 
Wholegrain cereals 
 
Vitamins 
Vitamin C deficiency 
Vitamin D 
Vitamin E supplements 
Folate 
 
Minerals 
High sodium intake 
Salt-preserved foods 
  and salt 
Potassium 
Calcium 
Fluoride, local 
Fluoride, systemic 
Fluoride, excess 
Hypocalcaemia 
 
Meat and fish 
Preserved meat 
Chinese-style salted fish 
Fruits (including berries) 
  and vegetables 
Fruits (including berries)       C [down arrow] (k)  P [down arrow] (k) 
  and vegetables 
Whole fresh fruits 
 
Beverages, non-alcoholic 
Sugars-sweetened soft drinks     P [up arrow] 
  and fruit juices …