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Byline: Sue Goetinck Ambrose
HOUSTON _ Scientists are trying to give vaccines a shot in the arm.
Vaccines have saved millions of lives. Smallpox has vanished, polio is on the way out, and measles will soon disappear from the Western Hemisphere.
But despite the triumphs, some diseases have stumped vaccine scientists. There are no shots to prevent most sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS, or to prevent malaria, for instance. Even vaccines that do work have problems. The flu vaccine, for instance, doesn't offer complete protection. And the shots hurt.
Now, however, researchers believe that vaccine research is ripe for a boost. Scientists know more about the immune system, have learned new genetic tricks that may speed up development, and are coming up with new, less painful ways to deliver vaccines.
"I really believe we are entering a new millennium of vaccines," said Stephen Johnston,…