The lost playing places of Lincolnshire.

Since at least 1912 when Hardin Craig wrote his first essay on Lincoln, most major scholarship on early drama in the county of Lincolnshire has focused its energies in what might be called "The Quest for Cycle Drama in the City of Lincoln," either supporting or, more often, rejecting Craig's thesis that Lincoln was home to the N-Town Cycle. (1) While the assembled dramatic records (gathered for the forthcoming Records of Early English Drama volume) offer considerable evidence of early religious drama and procession in Lincolnshire, very little, if any, of that evidence suggests cycle drama of the kind seen in, say, York or a few other large cities. However, the records, together with topographical evidence, do indicate that Lincolnshire had many performance traditions and many playing places, some apparently used for the production of large fixed-site plays (similar to those found elsewhere in the eastern regions), others for the mounting of traditional customs, games, sports, and ceremonies. As a way of making sense of the many playing places that have been revealed, I am classifying them initially as dedicated or nondedicated. I am taking dedicated playing places to mean those whose primary use was for play of one kind or another, or those which were so habitually used for a particular kind of entertainment or spectacle that the name of that entertainment attached itself to the place, meaning that people used the spot for a specific event recurringly and traditionally. By nondedicated playing places I mean those (both indoor and outdoor) that were occasionally used as playing venues but whose principal uses ranged from worship to commerce to habitation, and that were not normally identified by a name associated with performance.

Dedicated playing places of several kinds are documented in the records. Archaeologists have identified the location of what they think was a theater in Roman Lincoln, but during the period covered by the records (the twelfth through the seventeenth centuries) Lincolnshire had no working purpose-built theaters. (2) The earliest dedicated playing places to turn up are large, open-air spaces that had originally been sites for trials by combat but which, by the thirteenth century, had evolved into venues for hastiludi (jousting) and for common recreations, including plays. One of them, the Battle Place in Lincoln, was a croft immediately west of the castle, "abutting towards the north on [the] cemetery of St. Bartholomew." (3) In 1274, a hundred roll described it as an area of two acres "where the citizens customarily come to play, the friars to preach, and all to have their easements" (ubi homines de Lincolniensis solebant ludere fratres predicare & alia aisiamenta habere). (4) It was also described as a"Common pasture called Bataylplace." (5) In 1393-1394, the cathedral chapter accused the dean, Dr. John Shippey, of judging wrestling and attending shows on the commons outside the city, presumably this same site. (6)

Lincoln also used a second large open-air space as a playing place, an area known as Broadgate, a piece of ground in the lower city, next to the king's ditch in the parish of St. Augustine, very near to the River Witham and to the playing field of the grammar school (if it was not indeed the playing field itself). In 1564, the city ordered that "a standing play of some Storye of ye bibell schall be played ij days this Sommer tyme," in July, "in broadgate in the seid Cyty" and in 1566 the city ordered the same play to be played again "in whytson holye days." (7) As described in the Corporation Minute Book, the play, having nine or ten stations representing different cities, would have required considerable space to perform. So, Lincoln had at least two large open-air playing places, one a permanent site atop the hill, the other at its foot.

The fenlands market town of Spalding had a similar open-air playing place. A Corem Rege Roll of 1397 refers to "a certain site called 'the Playing Place'" in the town. Several men of Spalding had taken a felon to this location and beheaded him that year apparently with the belief that it was legally permissible to do so, their assumption suggesting that they associated the site with the processes of justice. (8) The Spalding playing place, also called "the Gore" was "a triangular piece of ground" that "extended from the priory walls to the River Westlode and westward to St. Thomas's Road." "The Great Gate of the priory (at the entry to the Crescent, opposite to the Sessions House) was the centre or rallying point." (9) One local historian claims that it was originally used for tourneys by knights of the area, another that it had been "the Tilting-ground and place for athletic sports, being an open lawn between the entrance to the Abbey and the river Westlode, then navigable." (10) An early-eighteenth-century summary of churchwarden accounts now lost says that an extraordinary play and tournament were held there c.1541, "a representacion of the battle between Saint Michael & the Devill & was a Tournement with Some Fire Workes & Machines." (11)

Similar but much more rustic playing fields and other kinds of dedicated "playing" places emerge mainly as topographical evidence in archaeological, local history, and antiquarian studies. Some of those sites retain their names to this day. The village of Dorrington used a "playgarth" on "Chapel Hill" for seasonal revels and customary games. Notably, on 24 August, St. Bartholmew's Day, young women are said to have gone in procession to the chapel where they strewed rushes, then continued to the playgarth where the village gathered for sports, games, and dancing. The event sounds strikingly similar to the pre-Reformation use of the chapel and chapel garth at Gainsborough by the young people's guild in that town (see discussion below). In the town of Winteringham, near the Humber, revelers annually affixed a May garland to an old stump "in the cattle pasture" as part of May games and "a milking feast." In the village of Messingham outside Scunthorpe, the young people customarily "assembled at Perestow Hills" on May evening for games, then, led by a fiddler,"danced their way to town," Horncastle had a "may-pole hill" identified on an early-eighteenth-century map as being at a point near the town where the roads from Tattershall and Lincoln converged. In Haxey, in the Isle of Axholme, youths played the famous Haxey Hood game in "an open field, on the north side of the Church." (12) At Grimsby in 1602, there occurred a play "about witsonday" at which an assault between a glover and his companion occurred. The location of the play is not given; however, the one who was struck fell "to the ground" the wording suggesting an outdoor playing place. The two were sitting together (either on benches or another surface, or on the ground). That people were "resorting to the sight of a play" suggests an open-air playing place freely open to the public, either the churchyard or another open space in or near the town. (13)

Bullbaiting sites were often situated in or near the town square, usually near slaughtering and tanning areas. In Horncastle, a large iron ring known as "the bull ring" was "embedded in a stone in the pavement" of an open space opposite a sadler's shop and proximate to the Bull and the Red Lion inns, at the junction of Beastmarket High Street, Spilsby Lane, and Millstone Street. (14) In Sleaford, the bullring lay in the Market Place, a location near to the church, the Corn Exchange, and the sessions house, and to a "butchers' area, complete with slaughterhouse." (15) In Lincoln, references in the cathedral accounts to the bull stake occur in ...