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Genetics of high-risk populations. (Addiction: Maybe It's in the Genes) (Cover Story)
Today one of the most challenging problems we face in modern societies is alcohol and drug abuse. The number of casualties due to alcohol and drug overdose increases continually. Thousands of families have been destroyed due to addiction of at least one of the parents. The research concerning the genetic aspects of addiction, especially drug addiction, is in its infancy.
Even though, to date, there are very few studies dealing with genetics of drug addiction, there are many good research studies in alcoholism. Therefore, alcoholism, as one of the most common addiction disorders, is being chosen as an example here. We will review briefly the family and genetic studies in alcoholism and will discuss the use of DNA technology in predicting populations at risk.
The genetics of complex disorders (e.g. alcoholism) is usually studies through family, twin or adoption research. If there is genetic predisposition, twin and adoption studies will reveal it.
Family Studies
There have been several information family studies on alcoholism. Schuckit et al. (1) studied 164 half-sibs of 69 alcoholics. He found that the best predictor of alcoholism among half-sibs was the existence of a shared alcoholic parent. Concordance was highest if the shared parent was the alcoholic regardless of whether or not they shared an alcoholic home environment. Other studies by Frances et al. (2) and Pennick et al. (3) found heterogeneity among alcoholic families, that is, alcohol abuse could be attributed to many causes.
Over the past 25 years, 286 family pedigrees of hospitalized alcoholics have been collected at Washington University Alcoholism Research Center. Pedigree analysis revealed that the families of male alcoholics were heterogeneous. That is, some families appeared to resemble the families of the female alcoholics whereas others resembled the families only of the male alcoholics. Further analysis of our families confirmed both the significant heterogeneity among male alcoholics' family backgrounds and a different pattern of inheritance (Gilligan…
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