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Of the inmates confined to Italy's Gaeta prison, none was as notorious as Herbert Kappler. Prior to his incarceration in 1945, Kappler had been the most feared man in Italy--commander of SS forces in occupied Rome, with the power to kill people at whim.
On October 16, 1943, Kappler issued orders for the Jews of Rome to be rounded up for deportation to the death camps. Five months later, in retaliation for a guerrilla bombing that killed 33 members of the SS, Kappler ordered the summary execution of more than 300 Italian civilians, whom he picked at random. The victims, with their hands bound behind them, were quietly marched to the outskirts of Rome, whence they ...