Plastics Engineering articles from January 2007

Plastics Engineering archives from January 2007

Plastics Engineering 2007.(Editorial)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... This issue marks the launch of PE's global edition. The Society releases its single global publication for SPE members and PE subscribers; welcome aboard. The era of electronic-only editions to many non-North American members has come to a...

Iberian moulders shine in difficult market.(GLOBAL NEWS: EUROPE)
January 1, 2007... According to industry consultants Applied Market Information, the injection moulding industry in Spain and Portugal has been one of Western Europe's better performing markets over recent years. Polymer demand from Iberian moulders has grown on...

European Bioplastics boom in 2006; excellent outlook but more investment required to expand capacity.(GLOBAL NEWS: EUROPE)
January 1, 2007... The bioplastics industry in Europe has experienced its first boom--this according to a survey from European Bioplastics. The Association canvassed its 66 members on a range of subjects including production, new products, converters, development...

Munich-based capital investment company ADCURAM has bought the Battenfeld injection moulding machine business from SMS Group.(ACQUISITIONS)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Munich-based capital investment company ADCURAM has bought the Battenfeld injection moulding machine business from SMS Group. This follows ADCURAM acquisition of Kautex blow moulding machinery from SIG in 2004. This is not the first time...

Geba has added two cryogenic fine grinding units for thermoplastics at its new St Veit facility in Austria.(INSTALLATIONS)
January 1, 2007... Geba has added two cryogenic fine grinding units for thermoplastics at its new St Veit facility in Austria. The systems have an overall capacity of 2,500 tonnes/year. "It makes us the only compounder in Europe able to offer fine grinding...

A credit control solution to automatically check the ongoing creditworthiness of clients is now available to companies in the plastics sector.(INTERNET)(Topaz Software Corp. and CreditScorer come up with a credit control software)
January 1, 2007... A credit control solution to automatically check the ongoing creditworthiness of clients is now available to companies in the plastics sector. It is the result of a deal between Topaz--the first supplier to offer a proactive credit control...

A novel, interactive 3D learning game based on nanotechnology has been developed in the UK by PlayGen and global nanotechnology consultancy Cientifica.(NANO FUN)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... A novel, interactive 3D learning game based on nanotechnology has been developed in the UK by PlayGen and global nanotechnology consultancy Cientifica. Aimed at 12-18 year olds, NanoWars aims to educate players about basic concepts in...

Husky has opened a sales office in Vienna to serve Central and Eastern Europe.(NEW FACILITIES)(Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd.)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Husky has opened a sales office in Vienna to serve Central and Eastern Europe. Headed by Christian Kapsamer, the facility also offers service management, project coordination and customer training. "Our new office allows us to provide...

Rapra Technology.(PUBLICATIONS)(The European Plastics and Rubber Directory)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Rapra Technology has released the latest edition of The European Plastics and Rubber Directory. Now in its 17th year, the 560-page publication provides an extensive buyer's guide to source materials, semi and finished products, machinery...

Cincinnati Extrusion.(RECORD)(ships twin-screw extruder)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Cincinnati Extrusion, Vienna, has shipped what it claims is the largest parallel counter-rotating twin-screw extruder ever built. Delivered to one of the biggest PVC sheet manufacturers in the US, the 30-ton machine can output of up to 2,000...

Ridat.(RELOCATION)(thermoforming machinery company moved to Neath, south wales)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... UK thermoforming machinery company Ridat has moved its manufacturing base to Neath, South Wales where it plans to expand production. The company, which reported a successful 2006, says the move was needed to accommodate future growth. Recent...

The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Germany has reported that styrene may have a tumorigenic effect in humans.(RESEARCH)
January 1, 2007... The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Germany has reported that styrene may have a tumorigenic effect in humans. In experiments with mice, BfR found that inhalation of styrene, caused tumours to form in the lungs. It was discovered...

As supplies of Luban polypropylene from LG's new plant in Oman come on stream, the company has stated that it aims to become the largest stockist of PP homopolymer.(SUPPLY)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... As supplies of Luban polypropylene from LG's new plant in Oman come on stream, the company has stated that it aims to become the largest stockist of PP homopolymer in the UK. Andy Batchelor, senior sales manager at LG International said,...

Large turnout expected for South America's biggest show.(GLOBAL NEWS: LATIN AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... More than 1,200 exhibitors will be at Brasilplast, May 7-11, in the Anhembi Exhibition Center in Sao Paulo. The largest plastics show in South America, the event highlights technologies and process capabilities geared to regional markets....

New process for wood-composite profiles is under study in Chile.(GLOBAL NEWS: LATIN AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Three companies in Chile are testing a reactive extrusion process utilizing wood particles and polyphenol resin. The goal is to produce finished wood composite profiles. Panel producer Masisa S.A., resin maker Resinas del Bin-Bin and wood...

Dow producing advanced polystyrene in Colombia.(GLOBAL NEWS: LATIN AMERICA)(Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Michigan))(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Dow Chemical Company (Midland, Mich.) was to start up production of Styron A-Tech 1115 advanced polystyrene resin at its plant in Cartagena, Colombia, late last year. Output will go to meet regional demand. The resin is described as an...

Milacron adds aftermarket center in Mexico.(GLOBAL NEWS: LATIN AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Milacron Inc. (Batavia, Ohio) has opened a remanufacturing center in Queretaro, Mexico. The facility is a way for Milacron to increase customer support for local processors and provide an economical means of upgrading machines, says Mark...

Rotomolding group forms Latin American divisions.(GLOBAL NEWS: LATIN AMERICA)(Association of Rotational Molders International )(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... The Association of Rotational Molders International (Oak Brook, Ill.) has formed a Latin American division. The initiative came about after demand from local companies for a source of technical and market information tailored to their needs....

Pipe-maker Amanco expands with acquisition in Chile.(GLOBAL NEWS: LATIN AMERICA)(Amanco Group acquired with Tysa)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Amanco Group (Sao Paulo, Brazil), South America's largest producer of PVC and polyethylene pipe and fittings, has acquired 51% of Tysa, a Chilean manufacturer of pipe and fittings for irrigation, construction, energy and communication cables....

Resin price hikes roll Brazil's packaging industry.(GLOBAL NEWS: LATIN AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... A recent 10% price increase in thermoplastic resins, the third in less than three months, threatens the competitiveness of Brazil's flexible packaging industry, according to the Brazilian Association for the Flexible Plastics Packaging Industry...

Brazil trade mission seeks greater ties with China.(GLOBAL NEWS: LATIN AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... The Chamber of Commerce and Commercial Association of Sao Paulo, and the government of Sao Paulo state, conducted a trade mission to the People's Republic of China from Nov. 20 to Dec. 2. The objectives were to broaden and diversify business...

Shape-shifting polymers generate triplets.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... A research team led by Robert Langer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Andreas Lendlein of the Helmholtz Institute (Teltow, Germany) has invented a class of materials that demonstrate advanced shape-changing ability as they react...

Rohm & Haas joint venture expands Asia-Pacific network.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Weihai Jinhong Polymer Company, Ltd.)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Rohm & Haas Company (Philadelphia) and Weihai Jinhong Polymer Company, Ltd. (Weihai City, China), have agreed to form a joint venture, Jinhong Rohm and Haas Chemicals Company Ltd., to deliver plastics additives and technical support to the...

Clariant reports start-up of joint venture in China.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Clariant International)(Hangzhou Baihe Chemicals Co. Ltd.)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Clariant International (Muttenz, Switzerland) and Hangzhou Baihe Chemicals Co. Ltd. announce that their joint-venture production facility for high-performance (HP) pigments in Hangzhou, China (near Shanghai), is now in full operation. The...

Metabolix builds facility for biodegradable plastics.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Metabolix, Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts), is beginning construction of the first commercial manufacturing facility for Natural Plastic, the biodegradable plastic it has developed as a replacement for those based on petrochemicals. Part of a...

Nypro partners with Fuel-Cell group.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corp.)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Viaspace subsidiary Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corp. (DMFCC) has signed a cartridge design and certified manufacturer agreement with custom plastics manufacturer Nypro, Inc., of Clinton, Massachusetts. DMFCC is establishing a global network of...

Florida firm foams semicrystalline PLA.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Plastic Engineering Associates Licensing, Inc)(NatureWorks LLC)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Plastic Engineering Associates Licensing, Inc. (PEA-Licensing) of Boca Ratton, Florida, reports continued success in its efforts to develop commercial biodegradable foam with polylactic acid (PLA) resins. Working with NatureWorks LLC's foam...

Chemtura names buyer of EPDM business.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(acquisitions)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Chemtura Corp. (Middlebury, Connecticut) has announced that synthetic-rubber manufacturer Lion Chemical Capital, LLC, is the potential buyer of its EPDM business and the Rubber Chemicals businesses associated with Geismar, Louisiana, as well as...

DuPont to divest Protective Coatings.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. acquisitions)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... DuPont (Wilmington, Delaware) has announced the sale of its Protective Coatings portfolio and assets to the Sika group of Switzerland. In addition to product brands including Permacor, Unitherm, Betonal, Asplit, and Epiter, Sika will acquire...

Cereplast: poised to benefit from environmental laws.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... The State of California has passed two laws that could spur demand for bio-based plastics, notes Cereplast, Inc., of Hawthorne, California, producer of proprietary bio-based resins designed to replace those based on fossil fuels. Assembly Bill...

Watlow opens Shanghai plant.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Watlow Electric Manufacturing Co.)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... U.S. designer of heaters, controllers, and temperature sensors Watlow announces the opening of its new manufacturing facility in Shanghai, China. The St. Louis, Missouri-based company will produce tubular heaters at this facility, which is...

BASF establishes center for auto coatings in India.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(BASF Coatings)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... BASF Coatings has opened a new application center in Mangalore, India, to develop automotive OEM coatings and provide customer support. It will focus on coating technologies with a strong economic and ecological performance, which are playing...

BASF and Dow consider jointly producing TDI.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Dow Chemical Co.)(toluene diisocyanate)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... BASF AG (Ludwigshafen, Germany) and The Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Michigan) plan to conduct a joint feasibility study for the construction of a state-of-the-art production plant for toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and precursors at one of their...

Dow plans expansion in Portugal.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Dow Chemical Co.)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... The Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, Michigan) has announced plans to expand manufacturing capacities for two products at its site in Estarreja, Portugal. To meet growing global demand for MDI, Dow Polyurethanes plans a "significant" expansion of...

PolyOne opens R&D color lab.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Headquartered in northeast Ohio, PolyOne Corp. announces the opening of a new R&D color lab at its Avon Lake facility. Six color experts will staff the facility, working with customers on part qualifications, color trials, and product...

GE Plastics inaugurates Japan Tech Center.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... GE Plastics, based in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, announces the opening of its new Japan Technology Center (JTC) located within its Moka City facility. One of the seven GE Global Application Technology centers worldwide, the JTC will offer...

Bayer sets up R&D facility in Dubai.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Bayer MaterialScience AG)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Bayer MaterialScience AG (Leverkusen, Germany) is establishing a new innovation center in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Scheduled to open early this year, it will supplement and aid the company's existing regional head office in Dubai with...

Spiratex acquires R.F. Kelly.(GLOBAL NEWS: NORTH AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... The Spiratex Co. (Romulus, Michigan) reports that it has acquired R.F. Kelly & Co., thus increasing its manufacturing capacity to over 130 extrusion lines. In addition to custom parts, Spiratex offers standard products in UHMWPE, urethane,...

Correction.(Correction notice)
January 1, 2007... An error appeared in the November 2006 issue of PE, page 15, in an article rifled "A Review of Additives for Plastics: Colorants." The range of the visible spectrum is 400 m 700 nm (nanometers), not 400 to 700 microns. PE apologizes for the...

Now you see it, now you don't.(EUROPE)(Photoluminescent Safety Products Association imposes new legislation on use of photoluminescence)
January 1, 2007... The covert use of luminescence is gaining greater prominence as the trade in counterfeit goods escalates. Mick Martindill explains the science behind luminescent materials and how they are being used in plastics. It is a sad observation of...

Electric injection molding machines: processors continue driving the trend to all-electrics.(NORTH AMERICA)(Cover story)
January 1, 2007... The trend toward all-electric injection molding machines is unmistakable. Half of all injection presses sold in the U.S. are fully electric. That's up from about 40% in 2005; and the percentage of electrics in Japan is even higher. Plastics...

Medical plastics: big dividends in a grow market: although viewed as something of a niche market, medical plastics offer high returns in a fast-growing sector. Peter Mapleston discovers who's doing what and examines the ongoing issue of PVC.(EUROPE)(Market overview)
January 1, 2007... Healthcare accounts for one hundredth of the total world plastics market. Slim pickings? Not at all, reckon material suppliers. The use of plastics intended specifically for medical technology offers them attractive margins, and annual growth...

Design contests create markets for PVC products in Latin America: award-winning ideas capitalize on the performance and aesthetics of PVC.(LATIN AMERICA)(polyvinylchloride)
January 1, 2007... Styling and innovation are essential components of product development. No matter how functional or well made an item is, if it doesn't generate buzz among potential buyers--if it doesn't become a "must-have" product--chances are it's not going...

Polypropylene body panels: the next big innovation for automakers?(NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Polypropylene compounds are poised to make inroads in one of the most hotly contested areas in automotive: exterior body panels. Recent advances in reactor-made homopolymers and copolymers, along with developments in compounding, are raising...

A review of additives for plastics: slips and antiblocks.(NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... This is the second article in a four-part series that looks at the range of additives commonly used in plastics to improve their appearance and performance. These primers are meant to create a common base of information on additives within the...

Both clarity & color push PP packaging: a synergy of colorants and additives brings clarified polypropylene into more container and bottle applications.(NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... At least two forces appear to be pushing the penetration of polypropylene d other materials in the packaging arena: the "wow" factor needed to differentiate products on store shelves, and lower costs. In particular, taking advantage of...

Industry patents.
January 1, 2007... The patent is a legal document giving the holder a license to capitalize on his or her invention without competition for a few years. In exchange, the holder teaches us the basis of the invention. The patent is forward looking, representing a...

SPE news roundup: Ken Braney's monthly look at SPE's European activities.(EUROPE)(Society of Plastics Engineers)
January 1, 2007... My name is Ken Braney--I am a vice president of SPE and act as the liaison officer for all sections and divisions in Europe. My role for Plastics Engineering will be to report and comment each month on what's happening across Europe with the...

Ultra-thin barrier film.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Windmoeller & Hoelscher reports that its Varex blown-film line has demonstrated the ability to consistently run an EVOH (ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer) layer of just 1-[micro] thickness for an eight-hour period on each of three days in the...

Simulation software predicts birefringence.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Moldflow Corp. recently released Moldflow Plastics Insight (MPI) 6.1 plastics-design-analysis software. One of its significant new features is the ability to predict birefringence (also known as double refraction), which can cause optical...

Gauging manufacturing efficiency.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... The Microgage Complete Kit for precision measuring, machine alignment, calibration, and other industrial applications checks and aligns production equipment for improved operating efficiency, according to manufacturer Pinpoint Laser Systems....

Swarf-handling system.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)(Precision AirConvey )(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... An inline swarf-handling system from Precision AirConvey (PAC) automatically captures, granulates, and removes troublesome waste material generated during the manufacture, surfacing, finishing, and edging of lens blanks, and deposits it into a...

Viscosity sensor for low-shear applications.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)(BiOde Inc.)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Designed to instantaneously measure samples of low-viscosity to midrange-viscosity fluids, the solid-state ViSmart from BiOde, Inc., provides continuous, real-time, inline viscosity measurements for inline process-control systems that require...

Process monitoring.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)(2400 Series panel-mounted indicator)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... The 2400 Series panel-mounted indicator and alarm unit from Gefran ISI offers real-time monitoring and "instantaneous" reaction to rapidly changing process conditions, independently providing engineering measurements and constantly comparing...

Roller pullers.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... For controlling the sequence of openings for parting lines within a mold, Progressive Components has introduced its new roller pullers, which, the company says, provide the following advantages: * smooth, friction-free action that is ideal...

Diverter valves.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... New underwater pelletizer full-flow systems from Crown/CDL Technology incorporate a low-pressure-drop, internal design. They feature a multistep, high-shear seal that prevents polymer leakage and jamming of the piston as a result of...

Wireless EOAT recognition.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)(end of arm tooling recognition system )(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Wittmann's EOAT (end-of-arm tooling) recognition system is supported by its R7 robot control based on radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. An economical transponder is placed on the tooling to provide a 64-bit-long, freely...

Continuous process for adhesive tapes.(MACHINERY: NORTH AMERICA)(Berstorff Corp.)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... A continuous process on a Berstorff co-rotating twin-screw extruder for the production of hot-melt adhesives for high-quality sealing tapes is in use in the facilities of Carlisle Hardcast Europe B.V. located in Weesp, The Netherlands....

Frosted-glass masterbatch.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Based in Tarrytown, N.Y., Ampacet has created a masterbatch that allows processors to add a frosted-glass look to stretch blow-molded bottles and thermoformed containers made from extruded sheet. This allows packagers of cosmetics and other...

Compounds perform like metal.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)(Clariant Masterbatches)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Clariant Masterbatches (Muttenz, Switzerland) announces a family of "heavyweight" compounds that allow plastics to replace metal in applications calling for high strength and durability. Clariant Masterbatches Specialty Compounding uses...

Sandwich panels combine foam, continuous-fiber reinforcement.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Polystrand, Inc. (Montrose, Colorado), and High Impact Technology (HIT) LLC (Tigard, Oregon) have developed a sandwich panel made with Polystrand's ThermoPro continuous advanced fiber reinforcement on the outside and an HIT thermoformable...

Nonadhesive prepregs ramp up productivity.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Norplex-Micarta (Postville, Iowa) announces a low-cost line of nonadhesive prepreg thermoset composites that can be customized to fit any of a diverse range of requirements. Available substrates include glass, cotton, paper, and carbon fiber;...

Low-gloss acetal for auto exteriors.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Ticona has introduced a black acetal copolymer that allows automakers--and other manufacturers--to create exterior components with a contemporary low-gloss look. Exhibiting up to 80% less gloss than standard UV-stabilized acetals, Hostaform...

High-impact PURs for prototypes.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)(polyurethanes)(Innovative Polymers Inc.)(TP-4000)(TP-4006)(TP-4007)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Based in St. Johns, Michigan, Innovative Polymers, Inc., has added three new products to its TP-4000 family of mercury-free polyurethanes (PURs). Combining high impact strength and heat resistance (up to 174[degrees]C/346[degrees]F), the new...

Paintless class a finish.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)(A. Schulman Inc.)(thermoplastic-sheet)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... A. Schulman subsidiary Invision, Inc. (Sharon Center, Ohio), offers a thermoplastic-sheet alternative to paint for attaining a high-gloss class A decorative surface. The company says that Invision sheet provides properties unattainable with...

Porous PTFE compound.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)(Rulon P30)(Brief article)
January 1, 2007... Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics has added Rulon P30 to its line of PTFE compounded materials. Developed for highly technical applications requiring porosity plus superior anti-adhesion and universal chemical resistance, Rulon P30 offers a...

Next-generation clarifier for polypropylene.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Ciba Specialty Chemicals has introduced Irgaclear XT 386, a "next-generation" clarifier for polypropylene that provides excellent clarity at low concentrations. Derived from a new chemistry platform for clarifiers featuring high thermal...

Nanoclay masterbatches available in Europe.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Based in Hamburg, Germany, Nordmann, Rassmann GmbH (NRC) is now distributing the nanoMax range of nanoclay-polyoletin resin masterbatches from U.S. company Nanocor, Inc. (Arlington Heights, Illinois), in Europe. These masterbatch products use...

EVA copolymers for sacks and packs.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Levamelt ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers from Lanxess Corp. (Pittsburgh) are said to offer advantages over the EVA plastics traditionally used in the packaging industry, commonly as adhesive tie layers. They are manufactured by a unique...

Lexan-based sheet fears neither cold nor heat.(MATERIALS: NORTH AMERICA)
January 1, 2007... Allen Extruders (Holland, Michigan), in collaboration with GE Plastics (Pittsfield, Massachusetts), has developed the Alextra line of thermoplastic sheet products for extreme climates. GE's Lexan SLX resin forms the weatherable first surface of...

Industry events.(EUROPE)(Calendar)
January 1, 2007... JANUARY 30-31, Polymers in Electronics Site: Munich, Germany www.rapra.net 30-Feb 2, Interplastica 2007 Site: Moscow, Russia www.interplastica.de FEBRUARY 6-7, In Mould Decorating 2007 Site: Dusseldorf, Germany...

Industry events.(NORTH AMERICA)(Calendar)
January 1, 2007... SPE CONFERENCES Feb. 25-28. SPE's International Polyolefins Conference. Site: Wyndham Greenspoint Hotel, Houston. Contact: William A. Diecks, Conference Chair email: dieckwa@cpchem.com. Mar. 6-7. SPE's GPEC 2007. Site:...