Microwave Journal articles from May 2004

Microwave Journal archives from May 2004

Coming events.(Calendar)
May 1, 2004... Wireless Communications Association 2004 June 1-4, 2004 Washington, DC This 17th annual event will convene 2000 broadband wireless executives from 40 nations, and feature 200 speakers and 75 exhibitors who will showcase product...

Fundamentals of MEMS.(Workshops & Courses)(microelectromechanical systems)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Topics: This course introduces microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) with special emphasis on optical MEMS applications. It provides a basic treatment of micromachining processes from design to fabrication to packaging. Technologies for...

EMC practical applications seminar/workshop.(Workshops & Courses)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Topics: During three days of classes before the workshop, students will study EMC design techniques and the calculations required to design a product to meet compliance regulations. The workshop will help design engineers and technicians...

Microwave antenna measurements short course: far-field, near-field, compact ranges and anechoic chambers.(Workshops & Courses)
May 1, 2004... * Topics: The course is an intensive study of the measurement of microwave antenna characteristics. The course will include presentations on the design, use and evaluation of anechoic chambers and far-field, nearfield and compact ranges....

Phased array antennas for radar and communications.(Workshops & Courses)
May 1, 2004... * Topics: This course is designed for engineers and engineering managers interested in becoming familiar with phased array antenna theory, design practices and state-of-the-art technologies. Practical issues such as required design trade-offs,...

Corrosion testing: application and use of salt fog, humidity, cyclic and gas tests.(Workshops & Courses)
May 1, 2004... * Topics: This two-day hands-on technical training course will provide an understanding of the proper application of ASTM B 117 and will furnish information regarding corrosion testing in general. This will help attendees understand the...

MMIC and RFIC design and technology.(Workshops & Courses)
May 1, 2004... * Topics: This course is intended for RF and microwave, system and design engineers, and technical managers who have a firm knowledge of RF engineering principles and require a sound understanding of the design principles, capabilities and...

Welcome to the 2004 International Microwave Symposium.
May 1, 2004... The Microwave Week 2004 Steering committees are looking forward to welcoming you to Fort Worth, TX, during the week of June 6 through June 11. The Fort Worth-Dallas metropolitan area, the Metroplex, is hosting Microwave Week for the fourth...

Attending the conference.
May 1, 2004... This year the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) and exhibition will be held in Fort Worth, Texas, at the Fort Worth Convention Center. While there have been past symposiums in Dallas, this is the first time the IMS will be in...

Surprising Fort Worth: culture in Cowtown.
May 1, 2004... Fort Worth... The FW in DFW airport. Often overlooked by the glitz and glassy skyline of its neighbor to the east. Most often associated with cowboys and livestock, Fort Worth does indeed offer a glimpse into Texas' rich western history. ...

2004 IMS exhibitors.(Illustration)
May 1, 2004... The following list is complete as of April 5, 2004. The 41st Institute of CETC 262 7 Layers 419 A-Alpha Waveguide Co. 1646 AC Microwave ...

Fort Worth Convention Center.
May 1, 2004... [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

2004 IEEE MTT-S technical program.
May 1, 2004... TUESDAY, JUNE 8, 2004 8:00 TO 9:40 AM TU1A ADVANCES IN LOW NOISE SILICON TECHNOLOGY & APPLICATIONS Chair: F. Danneville * Co-chair: A. Riddle This session takes silicon from basic CMOS technology to a bipolar...

Lockheed Martin taps Harris Corp. for key role on Space-based Radar Team.(Defense News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... Lockheed Martin has chosen Harris Corp. to be a key member of its team pursuing a US Air Force contract to develop the Space-based Radar (SBR) system. SBR is a transformational system being developed for the US Department of Defense (DoD) to...

Northrop Grumman airborne antenna offers better look at ground targets.(Defense News)
May 1, 2004... Northrop Grumman Corp. will help the US Air Force enhance the surveillance capabilities of aerial vehicles by embedding antennas in the primary load-bearing structures of composite aircraft wings. The new approach could lead to antennas as...

BASD supplies rapid air inflated towers to US Army in Iraq.(Defense News)(Bosh Aerospace Division)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... Bosh Aerospace Division (BASD) of Information Systems Laboratories (ISL), San Diego, CA, announced that it is supplying several variants of a DARPA-sponsored surveillance rapid air inflated tower (RAFT) to US Army forces in Iraq for evaluation....

Raytheon awarded $127 M US Army contract for the joint SLAMRAAM system.(Defense News)(Surface Launched Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... The US Army Aviation and Missile Command has awarded Raytheon Co. a $127 M contract for the US Army and US Marine Corps Surface Launched Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (SLAMRAAM) System. Raytheon's Integrated Defense Systems will lead...

Europe sows seeds for CMOS technology evolution.(International Report)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... To keep Europe at the forefront of semiconductor technology, the European Commission will seed-fund an integrated project called NANOCMOS. The project aims to pioneer the necessary changes in materials, processes, device architectures and...

Triumvirate provides nationwide TETRA network for Sweden.(International Report)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... The contract to build what will be the world's largest shared TETRA public safety network (in terms of geography) has been won by a consortium led by Saab and including Nokia and Swedia. The Swedish government has chosen the Nordic consortium...

EADS delivers advanced Defence Electronics to US armed forces.(International Report)
May 1, 2004... A [euro]20 M contract has been awarded to EADS Defence Electronics (DE) by US-based ViaSat Inc. to supply core electronics that will enhance the US armed forces' network-enabled capabilities. The contract covers the delivery of 400 power...

Bluetooth testing BITEs into Mainland China market.(International Report)(State Radio Monitoring Centre)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... Centro de Tecnologia de las Comunicaciones (CETECOM), Spain, a provider of wireless test solutions, has been chosen by the State Radio Monitoring Centre (SRMC) to supply Bluetooth conformance test solutions, BITE, in Beijing, China, thus...

3.5 GHz system deployed by Irish Broadband.(International Report)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... Irish Broadband, a subsidiary of NTR plc, a developer of private infrastructure, has announced its intent to commercially deploy one of the first next generation, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) wide-area wireless broadband networks in the European...

Ericsson EDGEs network upgrade in Malaysia.(International Report)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... DiGi Telecommunications (DiGi) has selected Ericsson as a network infrastructure provider for its network upgrade to EDGE in the Klang Valley, which includes the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The company will supply the necessary EDGE network...

Business Insight for the Wireless LAN.(Commercial Market)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... Wireless local area networking (WLAN) is growing in popularity among US companies. In January 2004, In-Stat/MDR conducted a survey of network administrators who are knowledgeable and personally involved in their organization's purchase and use...

Motorola versus the rest of the world: the ultrawideband battle.(Commercial Market)
May 1, 2004... According to ABI Research, the possibility of obtaining consensus on a single ultrawideband (UWB) standard for wireless personal area networks (WPAN) has disappeared. There are two standards on the table, one proposed by Motorola and a couple...

Niche markets for wireless power amplifiers gradually expand.(Commercial Market)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... As essential building blocks to wireless communications networks, power amplifiers ride waves similar to that of the broader telecom markets. These devices are the critical link in the transmission and reception of all high power wireless...

Distributed antenna systems help in-building wireless market.(Commercial Market)
May 1, 2004... Distributed antenna systems help make inbuilding wireless market a reality, says ABI Research. Prior to the development of in-building wireless (IBW) networks, in order to access the cellular network from inside a building, one had to hope that...

Herley Industries Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Herley Industries Inc. announced that it has acquired the assets of Communication Techniques Inc. (CTI) for $15 M, in an all cash transaction. Herley will also assume certain of the company's liabilities. CTI is located in Whippany, NJ.

Spectrum Control Inc.(Industry News)(Salisbury Engineering Inc.)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Spectrum Control Inc. announced that it has acquired all of the outstanding common stock of Salisbury Engineering Inc. (SEI). SEI, a privately-held company in Delmar, DE, designs and manufactures a full line of RF and microwave components and...

Fujitsu Compound Semiconductor Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Fujitsu Compound Semiconductor Inc. announced that its parent company, Fujitsu Quantum Devices Ltd., and the Electron Device Department of Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd., consolidated its compound semiconductor device businesses into a...

Milmega Ltd.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Milmega Ltd., a UK-based designer and manufacturer of high power microwave amplifiers, has been acquired by its management team, Pat Moore, managing director; Graeme Goodall, finance director; and Dominic Fitz-Patrick, technical director. The...

EMI Technologies Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * David Bernstein announced the acquisition of the Filter Networks division of EMI Technologies Inc., Easton, MD. The company's operations are being relocated to new and larger facilities at 408 Coles Circle in Salisbury, MD, and all current...

Cree Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Cree Inc. announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the gallium nitride substrate and epitaxy business of Advanced Technology Materials Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of ATMI Inc., through an asset purchase...

Agilent UK.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Agilent UK has established South Queensferry Division, a new electronic products and solutions group (EPSG). This is a significant development for Agilent UK, as it is the first RF and microwave focused division to be led from the United...

Hittite Microwave Corp.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Hittite Microwave Corp., a supplier of complete MMIC-based solutions for communication and military markets, has opened a fifth international office, Hittite Microwave Co. Ltd., Beijing, China. This office will increase the company's presence...

TDK Research & Development Corp.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * TDK Research & Development Corp. announced the opening of a new prototyping facility for low temperature co-fired ceramic products. The facility is located within the existing design center in Phoenix, AZ, enabling the complete LTCC product...

WJ Communications Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * WJ Communications Inc. announced plans for the opening of a representative office for the greater China region. Jackwin Paul has been named chief representative and will be based in WJ's regional facility to be located in Shenzhen, China. In...

Vector Fields Ltd.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Vector Fields Ltd., the Oxford (UK)-based specialist in software for simulation of electromagnetic fields, RF and microwave systems, expands with a new office in the US in response to increasing customer sales in its largest market. From...

Intense Photonics.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Intense Photonics is expanding the workforce and facilities at its UK semiconductor fabrication plant, to handle demand from new markets. The initial focus of the optoelectronic chip manufacturer has been on the telecommunications sector, but...

Aeroflex Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Aeroflex Inc. announced that its Aeroflex Test Solutions group has formed a partnership with TestMart. Under this agreement TestMart will provide a set of government marketplace services to better serve Aeroflex's diverse federal and defense...

SUSS MicroTec S.A.(Industry News)(IMEC)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * SUSS MicroTec S.A., the French subsidiary of SUSS MicroTec AG, has signed a joint development program with IMEC, an independent nanoelectronics and nanotechnology research center to develop MEMS assembly and packaging. The partners will...

Rosenberger.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Rosenberger has signed a licensing agreement with Huber + Suhner, Switzerland, and Radiall, France, for QMA RF coaxial connectors. Under the license the company is authorized to act as a Quick Lock Formula (QLF) manufacturer--this QLF...

Fairchild Semiconductor.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Fairchild Semiconductor announced that it has reached a licensing agreement with GEM Services Inc., to offer one of Fairchild's most advanced MOSFET packaging techniques as open tooling for the power semiconductor market. This agreement will...

Sonnet Software Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Sonnet Software Inc., a provider of high accuracy, high frequency electromagnetic software for electronic design automation (EDA), announced its link to Agilent Technologies' Advanced Design System (ADS), a provider of high frequency EDA...

Centro de Tecnologia de las Comunicaciones S.A.(Industry News)(State Radio Monitoring Center)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Centro de Tecnologia de las Comunicaciones S.A. (CETECOM), a provider of wireless test solutions, has been recently chosen by the State Radio Monitoring Center (SRMC) to supply Bluetooth conformance test solutions, BITE, in Beijing, China....

Rockwell Automation.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * In its ongoing commitment to provide good technological support and services to customers around the globe, Rockwell Automation announced that all five of its worldwide Technical Support Centers have achieved certification under the Support...

TRAK Microwave Corp.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * TRAK Microwave Corp. obtained AS9100A registration and was certified by the NSF--International Strategic Registrations Ltd. (NSF-ISR).

Park Electrochemical Corp.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Park Electrochemical Corp., originally incorporated on March 31, 1954, announced the 50th anniversary of its founding.

Integrated Engineering Software.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Integrated Engineering Software (IES) announced that 2004 marks its 20th year as a developer of high performance electromagnetic design and simulation software.

RF Micro Devices Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * RF Micro Devices Inc. (RFMD) announced that Market Intelligence Center has recognized the company as Taiwan's leading provider of power amplifiers for wireless handsets. According to a March 2004, report titled, "The Taiwanese Mobile Phone...

Ducommun Inc.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Ducommun Inc. announced that its Ducommun Technologies Inc. subsidiary's Carson facility was honored last week at Boeing's third annual company-wide awards program as "Common Aerospace Commodities" supplier of the year.

Richardson Electronics.(Industry News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Richardson Electronics announced the company has been named 2003 RF Power Distributor of the Year by Motorola's Semiconductor Products Sector (SPS). The company was recognized with this award for its demonstrated leadership in the wireless...

Mission Research Corp., ATK.(Contracts)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * One day after acquiring Mission Research Corp., ATK (Alliant Techsystems) received a sensor system integration contract to equip two Bombardier-8 aircraft with advanced sensor suites and mission system operator workstations. The aircraft will...

Discera Inc.(Contracts)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Discera Inc., a fabless semiconductor firm that develops ultra-miniaturized components targeted to the wireless industry, announced that it received $12 M in series B funding from venture capital firms 3i and Partech International and...

EMS Satellite Networks.(Contracts)(EMS Satellite Networks)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * EMS Satellite Networks, a division of EMS Technologies Inc., announced that it has received over US $8 M in orders for purchase of EMS SatNet DVB-RCS hubs and terminals from customers in North America, Europe, Asia and India over the last...

Arrow Electronics Inc.(Contracts)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Arrow Electronics Inc. announced it has signed a multi-million dollar opportunity with REMEC, a designer and manufacturer of microwave and millimeter-wave subsystems. Arrow will help streamline REMEC's operations by assisting globally with...

Nurad Technologies Inc.(Contracts)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Nurad Technologies Inc., a division of Chelton Microwave Corp., was recently awarded a contract from The Boeing Co. to design, develop and manufacture the small diameter bomb (SDB) tri-band antenna that is a part of the test instrumentation...

Micronetics Inc.(Contracts)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Micronetics Inc. announced that its receiver components group has received an initial development order to provide integrated microwave assemblies for an upgraded Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) navigation and communication system on the...

Skyworks Solutions Inc.(Contracts)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Skyworks Solutions Inc. announced that Taiwan-based Quanta Computer Inc. will leverage the company's next-generation RF subsystem, including the iPAC[TM] power amplifier module and DCR[TM] transceiver, across its new line of GPRS handsets....

RF Industries Ltd.(Financial News)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * RF Industries Ltd. reports sales of $2.5 M for the first quarter ended January 31, 2004, compared to $2.4 M for the same period in 2003. Net income was $234,000 ($0.08/per diluted share), compared to $135,000 ($0.04/per diluted share) for the...

Unity Wireless Corp.(Financial News)( company sales and earnings)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Unity Wireless Corp. reports sales of $2.4 M for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003, compared to $2.3 M for the same period in 2002. Net loss was $3.0 M ($0.07/per share) compared to $2.7 ($0.08/per share) for the fiscal year of 2002.

Renaissance Electronics Corp.(Financial News)( contracts)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Renaissance Electronics Corp. has received a multi hundred-thousand dollar PO for its systems division for switch matrices used in base station emulation modeling. The first of these units will cover the GSM and UMTS bands.

Micro-Ant Inc.(New Market Entry)( Micro-Ant Incorporation)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Micro-Ant Inc., Plymouth, MA, has recently entered the communications industry as a supplier of custom antennas, RF subsystems and specialty engineering services. Typical products produced by the company include active antennas, phased arrays...

Rogers Corp.(Personnel)( appointments)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Robert D. Wachob has been appointed as chief executive officer (CEO) of Rogers Corp. Wachob replaces Walter E. Boomer, who has retired as the company's chairman and CEO. Boomer will remain on the board of directors. Since April 2002, Wachob...

ANADIGICS Inc.(Personnel)(appointmnets)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * ANADIGICS Inc., a supplier of wireless and broadband solutions, announced that Garry K. McGuire Sr. was elected to the company's board of directors. McGuire is the chief financial officer and senior vice president of corporate development of...

AR Worldwide.(Personnel)(AR Worldwide)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * AR Worldwide announced that Chris Heavens has joined the company as vice president in charge of its Bothell, WA facility, now known as AR Northwest. Educated in Great Britain, with degrees in electrical engineering and telecommunications,...

RelComm Technologies Inc.(Personnel)( RelComm Technologies Inc.)( appointmnets)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Marty Magda has been named vice president of research and development with additional concentrated efforts on technical marketing of RF coaxial relay products for RelComm Technologies Inc. Magda brings to this new position more than 20 years...

EMS Technologies.(Personnel)( Electromagnetic Sciences Inc. )( appointments)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Atlanta-based EMS Technologies, a manufacturer of wireless, satellite and defense electronics, has named James Chu its director of advanced technology. Chu most recently served as senior director of the Advanced Technology Center at Rockwell...

Bluetooth Special Interest Group.(Personnel)( appointments)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * The Bluetooth Special Interest Group has appointed Michael Foley to the position of technical director. He will direct the development of future versions of the short-range wireless specification, and champion both interoperability and...

Link Microtek.(Personnel)( appointmnets)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Link Microtek, supplier of RF and microwave components and subsystems, has promoted Bruce McGrath to the position of senior sales engineer. Previously employed as sales engineer for the south west of England, he now covers the south and south...

Lorch Microwave.(Personnel)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Lorch Microwave announced the addition of Jeff Pitts to the engineering staff. Previously with K & L Microwave, Pitts has over 20 years experience in the design and manufacture of RF and microwave filters. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

Elcoteq Network Corp.(Personnel)( appointments)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Elcoteq Network Corp. announced that William (Bill) Morin has joined Elcoteq Americas as account manager. Morin has extensive experience in telecom electronics project management, test engineering and new product introduction.

Applied Wave Research Inc. (AWR[TM]).(Personnel)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Applied Wave Research Inc. (AWR[TM]) announced the addition of Noriyuki Sasaki to the company's Asia Pacific sales team. As Japan country manager, Sasaki will be responsible for all the sales activity in Japan. Sasaki graduated from Kyushu...

Rohde & Schwarz.(Rep Appointments)( services )(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * As of June 1, 2004, Rohde & Schwarz (R & S) will handle all sales and service activities for its T & M products in the US and Canada. Since 1993, these activities have been managed by the Rohde & Schwarz partner Tektronix Inc., Beaverton, OR....

Lorch Microwave announced the appointment of RF Design Laboratory.(Rep Appointments)( RF Design Laboratory)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Lorch Microwave announced the appointment of RF Design Laboratory as its exclusive representative for South Africa. The company also appointed EOX as its representative for North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama.

Koebert Associates Inc. will cover the following territories for Reactel Inc.(Rep Appointments)(Koebert Associates Inc.)(services)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Koebert Associates Inc. will cover the following territories for Reactel Inc.: eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, Washington, DC, Maryland, Delaware and North Carolina.

Microwave Filter Co. announced the appointment of Scientific Devices-Philadelphia Inc.(Rep Appointments)( Scientific Devices-Philadelphia Inc.)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Microwave Filter Co. announced the appointment of Scientific Devices-Philadelphia Inc. as its exclusive sales representative covering Pennsylvania, Delaware and southern New Jersey. Scientific Devices can be contacted by phone at (215)...

Modelithics continues to expand its sales and support channels with the addition of Technical Software Service.(Rep Appointments)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Modelithics continues to expand its sales and support channels with the addition of Technical Software Service, reselling products and services in Germany, Austria and Switzerland; Melcom Electronics, reselling in Great Britain and Eire; and...

Resistor manufacturer TT electronics IRC has added Thom Luke Sales.(Rep Appointments)( TT electronics IRC)( Thom Luke Sales)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Resistor manufacturer TT electronics IRC has added Thom Luke Sales to its list of authorized representatives for the Arizona, Colorado and Utah regions.

The Howard C. Jappe Co., Wakefield, MA, has been appointed the New England manufacturer's representative for International Manufacturing Services Inc. (IMS).(Rep Appointments)( The Howard C. Jappe Co.,)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * The Howard C. Jappe Co., Wakefield, MA, has been appointed the New England manufacturer's representative for International Manufacturing Services Inc. (IMS). The Jappe Co. will be responsible for IMS' varied product lines throughout the...

Fox Electronics announced the addition of RS Components Ltd.(Rep Appointments)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2004... * Fox Electronics announced the addition of RS Components Ltd., Corby, Northants, UK, a large electronic/industrial components catalog distributor to the Fox global distribution network.

Comparison of coaxial dipole antennas for applications in the near-field and far-field regions.(Technical Feature)
May 1, 2004... Coaxial antennas with properties similar to those of a two-wire dipole antenna are presented and analyzed. Since coaxial antennas extend along a straight line and can have almost any radius, they may be easily inserted into confined spaces that...

S-band high power solid-state amplifier design and development.(Technical Feature)(University of Athens)
May 1, 2004... The design and development of a 230 W power amplifier operating at S-band (2.35 to 2.45 GHz) is described. The motivation behind this development is the need for a microwave driver amplifier to be used in the linear accelerator facility at the...

High efficiency power amplifier driving methods and circuits: Part II.(Technical Feature)
May 1, 2004... Part I of this article (1) analyzed the driving circuits and methods for power amplifiers, using a low frequency approximation. This second part deals with the driving problem at high frequencies. Using a simple yet effective (for this purpose)...