Microwave Journal articles from May 2001

Microwave Journal archives from May 2001

WELCOME TO THE INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE S'YMPOSIUM.
May 1, 2001... It is hard to believe that eight years have passed since Phoenix extended its invitation to host the 2001 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium. The AdCom of the Microwave Theory and Techniques Society accepted the invitation and elected...

DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD.
May 1, 2001... The Distinguished Service Award is presented to recognize and individual who has given outstanding service for the benefit and advancement of the Microwave Theory and Technigues Society. This year's recipient is Dr. Reynold Kagiwada.

DISTINGUISHED EDUCATOR AWARD.
May 1, 2001... This award was inspired by the untimely death of Professor Fred J. Rosenbaum (1937--1992). The award recognizes a distinguished educator in the field of microwave engineering who best exemplifies the special human qualities of Fred Rosenbaum,...

MICROWAVE PIONEER AWARD.
May 1, 2001... The Microwave Pioneer Award recognizes an individual or team not exceeding three persons having made outstanding technical contributions that advance microwave theory and techniques and are described in an archival paper published at least 20...

APPLICATION AWARD.
May 1, 2001... The Microwave Application Award recognizes an individual or team for outstanding application of microwave theory and techniques. This year's recipient is James C. Rautio.

2001 MICROWAVE PRIZE.
May 1, 2001... The Microwave Prize is an annual award for the most significant contribution by a published paper to the field of interest of the Microwave Theory and Techniques Society during the year prior to the Fall meeting of the ADCOM. This year's...

N. WALTER Cox AWARD.
May 1, 2001... The N. Walter Cox Award has been established in recognition of the qualities of N. Walter Cox and his service to the Society prior to his untimely death in 1988. It is given to a Society volunteer whose efforts on behalf of the Society best...

2001 IEEE ELECTROMAGNETICS AWARD.
May 1, 2001... The IEEE Electromagnetics Award was established in 1996, and is presented to an individual for outstanding contributions to electromagnetics in the areas of theory, application or education. The award consists of a bronze medal, certificate and...

PHOENIX: THE HEAT IS ON!
May 1, 2001... As the nation's sixth largest city, Phoenix offers scenic diversity and unbeatable weather. Located in the heart of the Sonoran desert, Phoenix is known as the "Valley of the Sun" because it is nestled among dramatic mountain ranges from the...

DARPA Invites Proposals for Innovative Electronic Warfare Technologies.
May 1, 2001... The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has released two solicitations for creative approaches to develop and demonstrate low powered, distributed radio frequency spectrum-monitoring technologies. The program, known as...

Total [C.sup.3]I Market to Exceed $82 B Over the Next 10 Years.
May 1, 2001... In its annual [C.sup.3]I Market Overview, Forecast International/DMS predicts that the worldwide Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence [C.sup.3]I market will generate more than $82.7 B in sales over the next 10 years. According...

Affordable Moving Surface Target Engagement Program Proceeds.
May 1, 2001... The second phase of a research program to significantly increase the ability to target moving ground targets will begin this fall under the guidance of the Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate. The Affordable Moving Surface...

Navy Awards LRIP IDECM RFCM Contract.(BAE Systems North America )(Government Activity)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The US Navy has awarded a $59 M contract to BAE Systems for Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) of the Integrated Defensive Electronic Countermeasures (IDECM) Radio Frequency Countermeasures (RFCM) system. The system incorporates high...

Best of Breed T/R Module Passes Critical Technical Review Violations.
May 1, 2001... Raytheon's best of breed radar transceiver (T/R) module is reported as having successfully concluded its critical technical review and entered prototype manufacturer during the latter part of March. The device comes out of a 30 month-long best...

EADS Sets Up New Telecoms Group.
May 1, 2001... Multi-national contractor the European Aeronautic, Defence and Space (EADS) Company has established a new telecommunications business sector designated as EADS Telecommunications. The new entity brings together a number of diverse operations in...

BAE Systems Sells Canadian Subsidiary and Wins $30 M Plus Hellfire Contract.
May 1, 2001... UK conglomerate BAE Systems has agreed to sell its majority investment in BAE Systems Canada to the Toronto, Canada-based ONCAP investment fund for approximately $218 M. Formerly part of BAE Systems North America, BAE Systems Canada's product...

Egypt Upgrades Ramadan FACS.(Alenia Marconi Systems )(Government Activity)(International Pages)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The Italian-British Alenia Marconi Systems has announced that the Egyptian Navy has awarded it a contract covering the refurbishment and upgrading of the radars installed aboard its Ramadan class fast attack craft (FAC). Spread over a 53 month...

Siemens Claims to Have Launched First Commercially Available DSL Card with SHDSL.(Siemens Information and Communication Networks )(International Pages)(Brief Article)(Product Announcement)
May 1, 2001... German contractor Siemens Information and Communication Networks has launched what it claims to be the first commercially available digital subscriber line (DSL) telecommunications card that incorporates single-pair, high speed digital...

French Contractor Claims to Have Developed World's Smallest EDWA.(Teem Photonics )(International Pages)(Brief Article)(Product Announcement)
May 1, 2001... French contractor Teem Photonics has developed what it claims to be the world's smallest erbium-doped waveguide amplifier (EDWA) that is designated as the Metro EDWA[TM] gain block. Designed for applications such as dense wavelength division...

Sharp Rise in Growth of Millimeter-wave Market Forecast for the Next Five Years.(Allied Business Intelligence)(Brief Article)(Statistical Data Included)
May 1, 2001... A report from Allied Business Intelligence, "Millimeter-wave: Broadband, Automotive Radar and Semiconductors," forecasts that the market for millimeter-wave and other high frequency applications will grow from $3.5 B in 2000 to $12.4 B in 2005,...

Worldwide Cellular Handset Semiconductor Market to Exceed $38 B in 2004.(Digital Cellular/PCS Semiconductor Market Review and Forecast)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... According to a recent report from IDC, "Digital Cellular/PCS Semiconductor Market Review and Forecast, 1999-2004," worldwide digital handset semiconductor revenues will increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18 percent from...

Multi-tenant Buildings Could Be Very Active Broadband Market.(Cahners Business Information Inc.)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... A recent study from Cahners In-Stat Group, "Shakedown: Transition in MTU Broadband," finds multi-tenant unit (MTU) buildings including apartment houses, office complexes, hotels and public buildings to be excellent opportunities for broadband...

Wireless Communications Airships Demonstrated.(Platforms Wireless International)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The Airborne Relay Communications System (ARC System) employing a floating balloon whose underbelly bulge held nearly 1500 pounds of antennas and communications hardware had its first commercial demonstration in San Diego. The system, developed...

Mobile Commerce Market to Reach $230 B by 2006.(Mobile commerce services forecast)(Brief Article)(Statistical Data Included)
May 1, 2001... A study by Strategy Analytics as part of its strategic advisory service, Wireless Internet Applications, forecasts that the rise in demand for mobile commerce services will lead to a market value for those services of $230 B in 2006. The number...

Tensolite Co.(Connecting Devices Inc. )(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Tensolite Co., a subsidiary of Carlisle Companies, has acquired RF/Microwave connectors and cable assemblies designer Connecting Devices Inc. This acquisition will add to Tensolite's total vertical integration of wire, connector and assemblies....

ADADIGICS Inc.(ANADIGICS Inc. acquires Telcom Devices Corp.)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... ADADIGICS Inc. has acquired Telcom Devices Corp. The transaction will be accounted for as a purchase and is valued at $28 M, plus certain earn-out payments tied to future financial performance targets, for a potential total consideration of up...

Intelek plc.(Paradise Datacom)(International Pages)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Intelek plc, the parent company of Pascall Electronics, announced its proposed acquisition of Paradise Datacom. Following the acquisition, Paradise will become a subsidiary of Intelek plc.

Alamosa Holdings Inc.(Southwest PCS )(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Alamosa Holdings Inc. has signed a definitive agreement to merge Southwest PCS into its operations in a transaction valued at approximately $218.2 M. The completion of the transaction is subject to certain conditions including expiration of the...

REMEC Inc.(Humphrey Inc. subsidiary )(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... REMEC Inc. has reached a definitive agreement with The BFGoodrich Co. to sell the assets and operations of its Humphrey Inc. subsidiary for $13.48 M in cash. Humphrey provides precision instruments for control and measurement systems for use in...

Powertel Inc.
May 1, 2001... The shareholders of Powertel Inc. have voted to approve and adopt its proposed merger agreements with Deutsche Telekom AG and VoiceStream Wireless Corp.

NEC Corp.
May 1, 2001... NEC Corp. intends to spin off its Compound Semiconductor Device Division (CSDD) into a new company, effective October 2001. CSDD designs and manufactures a wide range of silicon and GaAs RF and microwave semiconductor devices as well as optical...

Corning Cable Systems.(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Corning Cable Systems has created a new business group dedicated to supplying contract optical manufacturing services to its customers as a complement to Coming Inc.'s Photonic Technologies extensive product design, development and...

Tecdia Inc.
May 1, 2001... Tecdia Inc. has recently relocated its sales office to San Jose, CA. The company can be contacted at 1415 Koll Circle, Suite 110, San Jose, CA 95112 (408) 453-0200, fax (408) 453-0220. Tecdia has designed and manufactured single layer ceramic...

Micro Substrates Corp. (MSC).
May 1, 2001... Micro Substrates Corp. (MSC) has increased its factory capacity four-fold to meet growing market demand for its low cost, high frequency packages. In the fourth quarter of this year and the first quarter of 2002, the company is planning a...

Wireless Technologies Corp.
May 1, 2001... Wireless Technologies Corp. has relocated its engineering operations and corporate headquarters to a 38,000 square foot facility in Springdale, AK, doubling the company's ability to produce cavity filters and diplexers for the wireless...

Advanced Hardware Architectures (AHA).
May 1, 2001... Advanced Hardware Architectures (AHA) has opened a design center in Portland, OR. The new design center will develop broadband wireless products based on the company's patented Turbo Product Code (TPC) technology.

Superconductor Technologies Inc. (STI).
May 1, 2001... Superconductor Technologies Inc. (STI) has opened a direct sales and service office in San Paulo, Brazil as the company's headquarters for its Latin American marketing thrust. STI has also engaged TWS International Inc. to provide design,...

IFR Systems Inc. and GenRad.
May 1, 2001... IFR Systems Inc. and GenRad have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) outlining their intent to cooperate on developing and marketing manufacturing test systems for wireless handsets. The MoU outlines cooperation between the two companies...

MAXRAD Inc. and TerraWave Solutions.
May 1, 2001... MAXRAD Inc. and TerraWave Solutions are joining forces to provide wireless data/access products and services as part of their Value Added Distributor agreement, signed earlier this month. As a value added distributor for the MAXRAD emerging...

Duraswitch Industries Inc.
May 1, 2001... Duraswitch Industries Inc. executed a license agreement with Nelson Nameplate, a leader in the membrane switch industry, for rights to market, sell and manufacture Duraswitch technology. Under the terms of the license, Nelson Nameplate will pay...

Anritsu Co.
May 1, 2001... Anritsu Co. has formed a partnership with Silicon Wave Inc. that allows each company to conduct interoperability testing more efficiently in the race to get Blue-tooth-qualified products to market. Specifically, this partnership provides for...

JDS Uniphase Corp. and Alcatel Optronics.
May 1, 2001... JDS Uniphase Corp. and Alcatel Optronics have reached an agreement to extend the supply of 980 nm laser chips and pump stabilizers manufactured by the former SDL to Alacatel Optronics through the year 2003. The decision follows the successful...

Zeevo Inc.
May 1, 2001... Zeevo Inc. formerly known as TelenComm Inc., has entered into a software license agreement with WIDOMM Inc. for use in its single-chip Bluetooth [TM] Wireless Personal Area Networking solutions. Zeevo will port the upper layers of WIDCOMM's...

Finisar Corp. and Hitachi Cable.(optical transceiver module standardization)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Finisar Corp. and Hitachi Cable have reached an agreement to standardize new digital diagnostic and monitoring functions in their respective SONET OC-48 Small Form Factor Pluggable (SFP) optical transceiver modules. The new digital diagnostic...

Connector Concepts Inc.
May 1, 2001... Connector Concepts Inc. has agreed to be the exclusive representative of CNT Connector Technology Co. Ltd. to the North American market.

Bang & Olufsen (B&O).
May 1, 2001... Bang & Olufsen (B&O) will utilize Philips Components' plug-and-play wireless solutions in the development of Bluetooth-based digital wireless speakers. Under the terms of the agreement, Philips will closely collaborate with B&O to produce a...

Motorola Inc. and Enea OSE Systems.(Motorola MSC810X using Enea real time operating system)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Motorola Inc. and Enea OSE Systems announced that the latter's real-time operating system OSE [TM] is being ported to Motorola's MSC810X family of StarCore-based DSPs. The combination can accelerate development of applications that are driven...

Elanix Inc.(Sony/Tektronix distribution contract)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Elanix Inc. signed Sony/Tektronix Corp. as the exclusive Japanese distributor of its system design and simulation software product, System View. This signing enables Elanix to grow its business in the Japanese market with an established and...

ARC Cores.(partners with Aptix Corp.)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... ARC Cores has partnered with Aptix Corp. to provide a powerful prototyping and verification environment for ARC-based system-on-a-chip designs. The ARC Tangent 32-bit user-configurable microprocessor core now works with Aptix System Explorer, a...

Merrimac Industries Inc.(contract with Astrium)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Merrimac Industries Inc. has been selected by Astrium (formerly Matra Marconi Space) to provide a critical low frequency, highly integrated, redundant distribution network for system clocks in the digital signal processors on board the three...

DMC Stratex Networks.(production in Brazil)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... DMC Stratex Networks is now manufacturing radio frequency products out of its operations facility in Campinas, Brazil. The initial products being manufactured are from the company's DART [TM] product line.

Agilent Technologies Inc.(new wafer fabrication line)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Agilent Technologies Inc. announced plans for a 6" wafer fabrication line in its Fort Collins, CO facility to produce E-pHEMT-based power products for CDMA, GSM and 3G mobile handsets. The first phase of the project will include 15,000 square...

Merrimac Industries Inc.(reincorporated in Delaware from New Jersey)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Merrimac Industries Inc. has completed its reincorporation and now is incorporated in Delaware instead of New Jersey. The reincorporation permits the company to operate under the highly developed and predictable Delaware corporate legal system....

ISG Broadband.(US patent # 66160571)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... ISG Broadband received US Patent number 6,6160,571 for its cable modem transceiver technology. This technology has enabled the company to develop the low cost, miniature, drop-in ISG tuners now found in CATV and cable telephony systems.

Advanced Power Technology Inc.(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The six executive officers at Advanced Power Technology Inc. have signed a voluntary extended lock-up agreement with each other covering all the shares they own and options they have been granted. This represents approximately 4.5 million...

Radio Frequency Investigation Ltd. (RFI).(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Radio Frequency Investigation Ltd. (RFI) received accreditation from the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) for it SAR test facility for mobile phones. The accreditation for 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz bands enables RFI to offer a fully...

Cascade Microtech Inc. and Micromanipulator Co. Inc.(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The patent infringement action between Cascade Microtech Inc. and Micromanipulator Co. Inc. regarding Cascade's US Patent numbers 5604444, 5532609, 5663653 and 5610529 has been resolved by mutual agreement of the parties. In the agreement,...

Tru-Connector Corp.(celebrates 50th anniversary)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Tru-Connector Corp. recently celebrated its 50th year of operation. Since 1951, the company has specialized in the design and manufacture of RF coaxial connectors, custom cable assemblies and build to design engineered solutions.

RF Nitro Communications Inc.(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... RF Nitro Communications Inc. has achieved ISO 9001 certification.

Richardson Electronics Ltd.(financial results for 3rd qtr ended Feb 28, 2001)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Richardson Electronics Ltd. reports sales of $125.5 M for the third quarter ended February 28, compared to $98.8 M for the same period last year. Net income was $4.1 M (31[cent]/share) compared to $2.5 M (20[cent]/share) for the third quarter...

REMEC Inc.(financial results for 4th qtr ended Jan 31, 2001)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... REMEC Inc. reports sales of $75.1 M for the fourth quarter ended January 31, compared to $50.3 M for the same period last year. Net income was $1.4 M (3[cent]/share) compared to $700 K (2[cent]/share) for the fourth quarter of 2000.

Melexis Microelectronic Integrated Systems N.V.(financials for 4th qtr ended Dec 31, 2000)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Melexis Microelectronic Integrated Systems N.V. reports sales of 23.76 M EUR for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2000, compared to 18.09 M EUR for the same period in 1999. Net income was 4.63 M EUR compared to 4.96 M EUR for the fourth...

Merrimac Industries Inc.(financials for 4th qtr ended December 31, 2000)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Merrimac Industries Inc. reports sales of $6.74 M for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2000, compared to $5.21 M for the same period in 1999. Net income was $221 K (8[cts.]/diluted share) compared to a net loss of $162 K (9[cts.]/diluted...

Ashvattha Semiconductor Inc.(funding from Comstellar Technologies Inc. and Redwood Ventures)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... RF chip provider Ashvattha Semiconductor Inc. has secured a round of funding from Comstellar Technologies Inc. and Redwood Ventures. The new round brings Ashvattha's funding to $4.5 M.

Cree Inc.(increase in stock repurchase order)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The Board of Directors at Cree Inc. has increased the repurchase limits under its stock repurchase program announced in January to include an additional three million shares, for a total of seven million shares of its outstanding common stock....

Andrew Corp.(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The Brazilian subsidiary of Andrew Corp. received a $1.369 M wireless infrastructure equipment order from NEC. NEC will use the equipment in the buildout of Nextel Communications Inc.'s all-digital national wireless network in Brazil.

PERSONNEL.
May 1, 2001... * TRW's Dwight Streit has been elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering, one of the highest professional honors given to engineers. Currently, Streit is VP for Advanced Semiconductors for TRW. * The board of directors of...

Compel Electronics Inc.(telecommunications systems)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Compel Electronics Inc. is a designer and manufacturer of standard and custom components, interconnect solutions and subsystems for the telecommunications market.

Anritsu Co.(new Web site)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Anritsu Co. has unveiled a new Web site that serves as a valuable resource to engineers looking for communications test solutions, as well as optical and microwave components and devices. The site, www.us.anritsu.com corn, is easy to navigate...

RF Nitro Communications Inc.(Web site, www.rfnitro.com)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... RF Nitro Communications Inc. has launched a new Web site, www.rfnitro.com, that provides users with electronic access to product data sheets and technical support, as well as current company and industry news.

Microwave Development Company Inc. (MDC).(Web site)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The Web site for Microwave Development Company Inc. (MDC) includes information on the company's waveguide products and capabilities, including filters, diplexers, circulators, Gunn oscillators, double-ridge components and comparators. The site,...

Mini-Systems Inc.(Web site, www.MiniSystemsInc.com)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Mini-Systems Inc. has a new Web site, www.MiniSystemsInc.com, that presents technical specifications on a wide range of miniature passive components, including precision thick- and thin-film chip resistors, capacitors, metal/glass side wall...

INTERCONNECTS FOR A MULTI-LAYER THREE-DIMENSIONAL SILICON ARCHITECTURE.(microwave industry)
May 1, 2001... As low cost and low volume gain increasing importance in today's technology market, the development of lateral and vertical interconnects for K- through W-band applications using silicon micromachining is a worthwhile endeavor. Thus, lateral...

THE USE OF UNIPLANAR TECHNOLOGY TO REDUCE MICROWAVE CIRCUIT SIZE.
May 1, 2001... This article addresses some of the unique advantages that uniplanar technology can offer the microwave circuit designer. In contrast to the conventional microstrip approach, uniplanar techniques allow a mixture of transmission line...

NEW DIELECTRIC BEAD FOR MILLIMETER-WAVE COAXIAL COMPONENTS.
May 1, 2001... The bead discussed in this article represents the dielectric structure for mechanical support of coaxial microwave components. The main features of the bead are its electrical performance and mechanical ability to keep all parts of the...

A COMBINATION MONOPOLE/QUADRIFILAR HELIX ANTENNA FOR S-BAND TERRESTRIAL/SATELLITE APPLICATIONS.
May 1, 2001... The effects on electrical performance of a choke-fed monopole antenna placed coaxially within a quadrifilar helix antenna are presented. A specific application of this antenna configuration is for reception of S-band digital audio broadcasts....

MICROWAVE TEMPERATURE COMPENSATED DETECTOR DESIGN FOR WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE APPLICATIONS.
May 1, 2001... Fundamentals on RF detection Schottky diode matching techniques, temperature compensation schemes and video output system configurations are reviewed. Modern radar and communications systems usually include and make use of intelligent...

Coaxial Rotary Joints.(Space Machine and Engineering Corp.)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... Space Machine offers a wide variety of coaxial rotary joints from D.C. to 40GHz depending on connector types. All of our coaxial rotary joints are built to customer specifications. Please contact the company with your requirements.

A LINEAR LDMOS AMPLIFIER FOR EDGE GSM APPLICATIONS.
May 1, 2001... PHILIPS SEMICONDUCTORS Cellular infrastructure providers are ramping up plans to augment present GSM systems with a new Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) GSM system. This new format adds additional challenges to the design of the...

BROADBAND SOLID-STATE CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIERS FOR 1 TO 11 GHz APPLICATIONS.(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... MILMEGA LTD. With microwave power amplifiers finding applications in such diverse and demanding fields as communications, medical systems, test equipment and the military market, functionality, adaptability and flexibility of design are...

AN AUTOMATED ASSEMBLY TOOL FOR PRECISION, HIGH SPEED RF DIE-ATTACH APPLICATIONS.(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... PALOMAR TECHNOLOGIES As telecommunications and information processing have exploded over the last 20 years, the need for extremely accurate, high yield microchip assembly solutions has shifted from a low volume aerospace and defense...

A MMIC POWER AMPLIFIER PACKAGE FOR OC-192 APPLICATIONS.(TriQuint Semiconductor)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... STRATEDGE StratEdge was contracted by TriQuint Semiconductor, a manufacturer of GaAs MMIC components, for package, assembly and test services for one of their newest devices. The resulting product, a wideband, medium power amplifier (MPA)...

A COMPACT CAPACITANCE METER FOR HIGH SPEED PRODUCTION TEST.(Agilent Technologies)(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES The Agilent 4288A capacitance meter is designed to perform high speed measurements of capacitance while taking up less room in an automated test equipment (ATE) system and providing a high level of accuracy. At 3 kg,...

Low Insertion Loss, Hugh Isolation, Rectangular SP3T Solid-state Switch.(Brief Article)
May 1, 2001... The model MSNN-3DT-04T-DEC-SP SP3T rectangular solid-state switch works from 50 to 100 MHz with insertion loss of [less than] 1.2 dB (typ), [less than] 0.85 dB from 50 to 100 MHz. Isolation is [greater than or equal to] 60 dB, switching speed...