Art in America articles from January 2004

Art in America archives from January 2004

Lawsuit targets Met expansion.(Front Page)(coalition of citizens opposes plans for expansion of Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... A lawsuit was filed in State Supreme Court in Manhattan in November to prevent the Metropolitan Museum of Art from undertaking yet another expansion. The Metropolitan Museum Historic District Coalition, a group of wealthy residents in 15...

Spiral Jetty on dry land.(Front Page)(Robert Smithson's earth sculpture in Utah's Great Salt Lake)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... In recent months Robert Smithson's monumental earthwork Spiral Jetty, built in 1970 in a shallow bay of roseate water in the northeast section of Utah's Great Salt Lake, has become landlocked. After being submerged since 1974 by the lake's...

Proposals for a WTC memorial.(Front Page)(Lower Manhattan Development Corporation considers proposals for memorial at World Trade Center site)
January 1, 2004... The Lower Manahattan Development Corporation (LMDC) recently announced the selection of eight finalists from a field of 5,201 proposals submitted last spring to a design competition for a World Trade Center memorial. Plans and models for the...

Dali centennial celebrations.(Front Page)(exhibitions to celebrate anniversary of artist Salvador Dali's birth)
January 1, 2004... "Dali 2004," an extensive series of events, mostly in Spain, celebrating the 100th anniversary of Salvador Dali's birth, got off to an early start. Last October, King Juan Carlos launched the centennial with a tribute to Dali at the...

Grant Wood's Iowa studio to open.(Front Page)(Cedar Rapids Art Museum)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... The Cedar Rapids Art Museum recently acquired the historic home and studio of Grant Wood (1891-1942), located several blocks from the museum in downtown Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The modest redbrick building originally sewed as a carriage house for...

Records smashed at fall auctions.(Front Page)(art sales at auction houses Sotheby's, Christie's and Phillips de Pury and Luxembour)
January 1, 2004... After several years marked by slumps and scandals, New York's three biggest auction houses were on the rebound this fall. The salesrooms at Sotheby's, Christie's, and Phillips de Pury & Luxembourg were packed during the fortnight of evening...

Giacometti and Gorky: family matters.(Alberto Giacometti: Myth, Magic, and the Man)(Book Review)
January 1, 2004... Alberto Giacometti: Myth, Magic, and the Man, by Laurie Wilson, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2003; 372 pages, $40 hardcover. Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work, by Hayden Herrera, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003; 767 pages, $45...

Our photos, our selves: the last installment of a three-part examination of identity, PhotoEspana 2003 encompassed the work of 170 international artists.(Report From Madrid)
January 1, 2004... The punning event title for this year PhotoEspana in Madrid--"NosOtros," which transliterates as "UsOthers"--perfectly conveyed not only the psychological complexity of looking at camera images (especially the oscillation between...

Less or more Miesian? In the midst of Chicago's famed I.I.T. campus, new buildings by Rem Koolhaas and Helmut Jahn offer radically diverse responses to the Mies van der Rohe legacy.(Architecture)(Illinois Institute of Technology)
January 1, 2004... The Illinois Institute of Technology's chief claim to architectural fame rests with Mies van der Rohe, who was responsible for the plan of the Chicago campus, conceived between 1939 and 1941, and for 22 buildings, the last dating from 1956....

Sutherland's belated homecoming: renewed interest in painter Graham Sutherland's work has led to a recent series of U.K. exhibitions marking the centenary of his birth.(Report From England)(Biography)
January 1, 2004... During the 1940s and '50s, Graham Sutherland (1903-1980) was widely regarded as Britain's most important painter. In the country's depressed postwar period, Sutherland, along with Henry Moore, was credited with helping to pull British art out...

Sullivan's movements: a major exhibition recently surveyed the diverse career of 78-year-old dancer, sculptor, painter and conceptual artist Francoise Sullivan.(Report From Montreal)(Biography)
January 1, 2004... Francoise Sullivan's retrospective at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts surveyed 63 years of work by this distinguished Canadian artist. Her career has been an extraordinarily varied one, encompassing dance, choreography, welded-metal sculpture,...

Whitman's expanded theater: a traveling survey of works by vanguard cross-media artist Robert Whitman offers film-and-object installations from the 1960s, along with some never-exhibited drawings from the '70s.(Biography)
January 1, 2004... Robert Whitman remains at the vanguard of a remarkable generation of artists whose work in theater and cross-media installation changed the very nature of what is considered art. Since the 1960s, during which he helped precipitate the explosion...

Formalism's poetic frontier: Polly Apfelbaum's current midcareer survey shows her pushing past sculptural objecthood to an increasingly painterly mode that celebrates color and the devotional repetitions of touch.(Cover Story)
January 1, 2004... Polly Apfelbaum once used the phrase "geometric clarity" in an artist's statement, which helps explain the fascination her work holds. What she meant was the apprehension of a clarifying order within even haphazard circumstances. For Apfelbaum,...

A Proteus revealed: a traveling exhibition of the Mannerist artist Hendrick Goltzius offers an unprecedented survey of his influential career. Along with the prints that won him enduring fame, the show features lesser-known drawings and paintings that vitalized the artistic practices of his Dutch milieu.
January 1, 2004... The landmark exhibition "Hendrick Goltzius, Dutch Master (1558-1617): Drawings, Prints, and Paintings" is rich in art-historical insights, both about Dutch Mannerism and Goltzius himself. (Until Jan. 4, it is at the Toledo Museum of Art, the...

In the cut: automotive ultraspeed and transsexual surgery were the ostensible subjects of Finnish film artist Ilppo Pohjola's first New York gallery show. The true subject: filmmaking itself.
January 1, 2004... P(l)ain Truth (1993), Ilppo Pohjola's film about transgender metamorphosis, runs just 15 minutes, but it collages enough smart allusions to the history of movies, high and low, to send a cineaste into overdrive and to leaven the emotionalism...

Fields of dream: born a Mennonite farm boy in Pennsylvania, Warren Rohrer channeled his feeling for the land into abstract paintings whose "fields" of color take on an enliveningly literal connotation. Two Philadelphia shows offered a look at his unusual career.(Biography)
January 1, 2004... Simply looking at the shimmering squares of Warren Rohrer's late abstract paintings, you would not guess the cultural distance he traveled to create them. By the time a teenaged Rohrer was photographed wearing a minister's collar at a Mennonite...

Valerio's allegorical realism: deceptively naturalistic in manner, James Valerio's large-scale paintings imbue meticulous depictions of daily life with an almost religious sensibility.
January 1, 2004... Realism is one of those apparently self evident concepts that disintegrates under scrutiny. Chuck Close's minute examination of faces leads to abstraction; Magritte's matter-of-factly represented everyday objects are pressed into the service of...

Cai Guo-Qiang at Central Park & the Asia Society.(New York)
January 1, 2004... On the evening of Sept. 15, 2003, a large crowd assembled in Central Park to witness "Light Cycle," the latest "explosion project" by Cai Guo-Qiang. Organized by Creative Time, this brief but fiery spectacle commemorated the 150th anniversary...

Ian Hamilton Finlay at Nolan/Eckman.(New York)(exhibition of artist's work)
January 1, 2004... Gathered under the rubric "Maritime Works," this collection of well-crafted objects employed the British poet and sculptor Ian Hamilton Finlay's well-honed tool of metaphor. He views contemporary conditions through a lens to the past,...

Julian Lethbridge at Paula Cooper.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... It is not easy to practice painterly abstraction with any intelligence and avoid the look of calculation. Julian Lethbridge's approach doesn't seem exactly blithe--his are not effortless paintings-but the work does somehow (a small miracle)...

Greg Stone at Pierogi.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... This was a breakthrough exhibition for painter Greg Stone, who has long been a mainstay of the thriving arts community in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Stone's signature materials are oozing, sticky tar and paper applied to wood panels or museum...

Stephen Westfall at Lennon, Weinberg.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... There is formal grace and internal logic to the subtle misalignments of Stephen Westfall's recent abstractions, articulated through a variety of narrow bars, wide bands and other simplified forms in intense colors. Emerging from the abstract...

Leo de Goede at Paul Kasmin.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... Leo de Goede, a Dutch-born artist now living in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, by way of London, considers landscape painting to be a genre that includes 19th-century panoramas, plein-air oil sketches and, perversely, billboards. That said, his third...

Kurt Schwitters at Ubu.(New York)(exhbition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... This museum-quality display of over 60 of Kurt Schwitters's collages, paintings and drawings from the 1910s through the '40s offered a palpable sense of what he meant by an art that would comprehend at once a multitude of expressive forms:...

Robert Appleton at Edward Thorp.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... At some moments, with their palettes of muted grays and greens and their flat, stiffly rendered forms, Robert Appleton's marinescapes seem to be following a stripped-down, no-frills esthetic. The presence of water and sky is established by...

Adam Dant at Adam Baumgold.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... Overt displays of intelligence are considered just dandy in the art world so long as they are opaque enough to lend themselves to afflatus and jargoneering. Wit, though, is suspect. Duchamp's wit is admired, but it's the "naughty" verbal wit of...

Inci Eviner at Monique Goldstrom.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... "Playing with line, I imagine myself as one of those old-time storytellers--a storyteller, however, who cannot control the story and is eventually swallowed by it." In this statement, which accompanied her first New York solo exhibition,...

Susan Weil at Sundaram Tagore.(New York)(artist gives visual interpretation to work of writer James Joyce)
January 1, 2004... Susan Weil's 21-piece pictorial salute to James Joyce, accompanied by excerpts from his novels and related text, might well have fallen into illustration. Happily, the delightfully inventive, variously formatted paintings, drawings, collages...

Joan Semmel at Mitchell Algus.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... In the early '70s, as feminism was finding its way to the art world, Joan Semmel commenced painting herself and her lover as she saw and photographed their bodies from her supine point of view. She was, among other things, challenging...

Ena Swansea at Gasser & Grunert.(New York)(exhibition of the artist's work)
January 1, 2004... Ena Swansea's earlier paintings, shown at Robert Miller in the late 1990s, were, for the most part, delicate abstracted renderings of the effects of light in the landscape; many suggest intricate shadows created by twisted branches and clumps...

Jane Wilson at DC Moore.(New York)
January 1, 2004... Jane Wilson belongs to a generation of painters who are either devoted primarily to landscape or feature landscape as a central motif in their work, a group that includes Lois Dodd, Jane Freilicher and Neil Welliver, among others. All were...

Cynthia Girard at Miller/Geisler.(New York)
January 1, 2004... In her first New York exhibition, titled "Le pavilion du Quebec," Canadian artist Cynthia Girard presented nine large-scale, acrylic-on-canvas paintings that make reference to her native province. In these works, Pop-inspired, flatly painted...

Angelina Nasso at Stux.(New York)
January 1, 2004... The strategy of replicating the out-of-focus effects produced by film and photography is attractive to painters who want to suggest a world hovering between abstraction and representation. One thinks, for example, of Gerhard Richter's technique...

Mario Naves at Elizabeth Harris.(New York)
January 1, 2004... In Mario Naves's second one-person show at Elizabeth Harris, the artist again presented abstract collages made from cut and torn pieces of paper pasted in layers and painted with acrylic. The largest of the nine collages on view (all from 2002...

Michel Alexis at Stephen Haller.(New York)
January 1, 2004... Michel Alexis is a French-born, New York-based painter with a penchant for lyrical abstraction. His oil-and-mixed-medium paintings are full of delicate surprises that, on second viewing, are more assertive than the viewer might have originally...

Maja Lisa Engelhardt at DCA.(New York)
January 1, 2004... For Danish painter Maja Lisa Engelhardt, Norse mythology, pre-historic archeology and religion provide inspiration for abstracted landscapes. Two series from 2003 were presented in her recent show at DCA. According to the exhibition catalogue,...

The Art Guys at Cornell DeWitt.(New York)
January 1, 2004... The writer, theater director and founder of Zurich Dada Hugo Ball, presented the performative poeme simultane at Cabaret Voltaire in 1916. Outrageous for its time, the work featured a melange of sounds including sighing, grunting and coughing....

Helmut Federle at Peter Blum.(New York)
January 1, 2004... Helmut Federle's recent exhibition of drawings dating from 1969 to 2001 illustrated the difference between persistence and predictability. Federle has explored graphic simplicity in representation and, even more, in abstraction, with a...

Dotty Attie at P.P.O.W.(New York)
January 1, 2004... Dotty Attie creates picot-narratives by juxtaposing small paintings that contain appropriated images with others bearing short phrases. Lined up horizontally on the wall, these sequences of canvases create sentencelike structures that one tends...

Hong Lei at Chambers Fine Art.(New York)
January 1, 2004... Chinese conceptualist Hong Lei is perhaps best known for his elusive photo-based works that appropriate the iconography of ancient Chinese painting. "Hong Lei's Narrative: An Alternative Beauty," the artist's first solo exhibition in the U.S.,...

Takashi Murakami at Marianne Boesky.(New York)
January 1, 2004... "Business art is the step that comes after Art," Andy Warhol wrote in 1975. What he meant was that he was abandoning the idea of the artist as alienated creative individual to run his studio as an enterprise turning out a range of products...

Jenny Scobel at Thomas Erben.(New York)
January 1, 2004... If the external world bursts with dazzling color, the domain of the psyche exists in somber black and white, accented with sooty shades of gray. Or so it seems in the work of Jenny Scobel, whose graphite-and-gesso drawings conjure a deeply...

Meg Cranston at Leo Koenig.(New York)
January 1, 2004... Los Angeles-based artist Meg Cranston has a reputation for clever yet humbly presented conceptualist pieces, such as one in which she poked fun at cultural pretension by exhibiting a weather balloon filled with the amount of air it would...

Nadine Robinson at Caren Golden.(New York)
January 1, 2004... Coming off the critical and popular success of her contributions to "Greater New York" at P.S. 1, "Freestyle" at the Studio Museum in Harlem and "Tempo" at MOMA QNS, Nadine Robinson continued a highly personal dialogue with history in her first...

Randall Exon at the James A. Michener Art Museum.(Doylestown, Penn.)
January 1, 2004... Organized by the Michener Art Museum as one in a series of shows focusing on Pennsylvania landscapists, this solo exhibition of 35 paintings by Randall Exon was aptly titled "A Quiet Light." Exon's landscapes of Pennsylvania and Ireland are...

Rosario Marquardt and Roberto Behar at Heriard-Cimino.(New Orleans)
January 1, 2004... Argentinean-born, Miami-based artist-architects Rosario Marquardt and Roberto Behar are perhaps best known for their public art works. They have collaborated on outdoor projects in the Miami area that have become local landmarks: a 45-foot-high...

Judy Ledgerwood at Rhona Hoffman.(Chicago)
January 1, 2004... This recent series of nine paintings by Judy Ledgerwood marks a significant pass in the artist's career. Ledgerwood gained recognition for her early landscape-based abstractions--pastiches of various historical idioms (Impressionism,...

Kathleen McCarthy at Standard and Patrick McGee at the Hyde Park Art Center.(Chicago)
January 1, 2004... Two recent installations, one by Kathleen McCarthy, the other by Patrick McGee, similarly tested the boundaries of materiality and perception. Utilizing humble strands of nylon monofilament and polyester cord, respectively, each artist created...

Kati Toivanen at the Belger Arts Center.(Kansas City)
January 1, 2004... Utilizing photography, text, sculpture and video, Finnish-born Kati Toivanen homes in on dolls and games as a means by which society instills ideas of normalcy, acceptable behavior and gender-role stereotypes. This exhibition, titled "Whirl,"...

Munakata Shiko at Los Angeles County Museum of Art.(Los Angeles)
January 1, 2004... Munakata Shiko (1903-1975) was one of Japan's great eccentrics, best known for high-spirited, expressive woodblock prints whose quickly executed calligraphy, boldly ornamented figures and swaths of primary pigments liberated Japanese graphics...

Jeff Brouws at Craig Krull.(Santa Monica)
January 1, 2004... The title of Jeff Brouws's show--"American Typologies: 117 Photographs of 10 Different Subjects, 1987-2003"--was as straightforward as the works themselves. These are travel pictures of American vernacular forms. The familiar subjects are...

Lisa Adams at the Sandbox.(Venice, Calif.)
January 1, 2004... Lisa Adams's recent paintings offer an uncomfortable look at beauty and miscommunication--both visually and metaphorically. Within a colorful, blooming habitat, there lurks a minefield of emotional games and dark humor. These works are sexual...

Robert Yoder at Howard House.(Seattle)
January 1, 2004... Robert Yoder's recent solo exhibition was an advance on a number of fronts. Cut-up fragments of all sorts of things, notably construction-site road signs, have provided the unifying material theme in a body of work that has impressively...

Jean Renaudie at Credac.(Ivry, France)
January 1, 2004... A recent show of drawings, plans and models by French architect Jean Renaudie (1925-1981) was proof that his buildings are too socially conscious and too formally weird to be ignored. The exhibition was actually sited within Renaudie's largest...

Stefano Arienti at Guenzani.(Milan)
January 1, 2004... Now in his early 40s, Stefano Arienti belongs to the generation of Milanese artists who emerged in the early '90s. At the time, they seemed to offer the promise of a lively local clique worthy of international attention, similar to the "Freeze"...

Silke Otto-Knapp at the Kunstverein.(Dusseldorf)
January 1, 2004... Silke Otto-Knapp's luscious watercolors were a welcome reprieve from an adjacent show of rambunctious contemporary Russian art. Displayed in a single large gallery across the hall from noisy videos and irony-saturated photographs, her modestly...

Andre Butzer at Max Hetzler.(Berlin)
January 1, 2004... For his first show with Max Hetzler, Andre Butzer presented eight large oil paintings in the main gallery, plus a selection of watercolors and drawings in another room. The disparity between the two spaces was marked. Entering the first gallery...

Art schools.(Directory)
January 1, 2004... NEW ENGLAND The Art Institute of Boston at Lesley University 700 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02215 617.585.6700 Fax: 617.585.6720 800.773.0494 Toll free Web: www.aiboston.edu Professional college of visual arts within a...

Art services.(Directory)(Directory)
January 1, 2004... ADVERTISING DESIGN PRINTING Dynacolor Graphics Inc. P.O. Box 699037 Miami, FL 33269-9037 800.624.8840 ext. 322 Web: www.dynacolor.com Dynacolor Graphics is one of the fine art industry's leading printers of full color...

Arne Glimcher.(Awards & Grants)
January 1, 2004... Arne Glimcher, chairman of PaceWildenstein Gallery in New York, has been made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor, conferred by the French government.

The Anonymous was a Woman Foundation has presented its 2003 prizes, worth $25,000 each, to 10 female artists over the age of 35.(Awards & Grants)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... The Anonymous Was A Woman Foundation has presented its 2003 prizes, worth $25,000 each, to 10 female artists over the age of 35. The winners are Meg Cranston, Nancy Davenport, Nancy Dwyer, Maria Elena Gaitan, Gillian Jagger, Nina Katchadourian,...

Margaret Klimek Phillips (1926-2002), former professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, bequeathed 12 one-time awards.(Awards & Grants)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... Margaret Klimek Phillips (1926-2002), former professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, bequeathed 12 one-time awards of $28,000 each to the following artists: Fred Berger, Norbert J. Freese, Judith Gelchman, David Lefkowitz,...

The Washington, D.C.-based Phillips Collection has given its Duncan Phillips Award for collectors and patrons to Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria von Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria.(Awards & Grants)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... The Washington, D.C.-based Phillips Collection has given its Duncan Phillips Award for collectors and patrons to Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria von Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria. His collection of 800 works forms the nucleus of the new...

Annu Palakunnathu Matthew is the winner of a $5,000 John Gutmann Photography Fellowship.(Awards & Grants)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... Annu Palakunnathu Matthew is the winner of a $5,000 John Gutmann Photography Fellowship, given by the San Francisco Foundation.

The Seattle Art Museum recently unveiled its ambitious expansion plans designed by the Portland-based firm Allied Works Architecture, led by Brad Cloepfil.(Museum News)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... The Seattle Art Museum recently unveiled its ambitious expansion plans designed by the Portland-based firm Allied Works Architecture, led by Brad Cloepfil. The multiphase project begins with a 95,000-square-foot addition to the existing Venturi...

SITE Santa Fe recently announced that it has finalized the purchase of its building at 1960 Paseo de Peralta from the city of Santa Fe for $750,000.(Museum News)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... SITE Santa Fe recently announced that it has finalized the purchase of its building at 1960 Paseo de Peralta from the city of Santa Fe for $750,000. The institution had leased the building since 1995. Now, SITE Santa Fe holds a long-term ground...

Obituaries.(Artworld)(Obituary)
January 1, 2004... Mario Merz, 78, Italian artist, died Nov. 9 at his home in Milan. A central figure in the Arte Povera movement, Merz gained recognition for objects and installations that employ unconventional materials to develop architectural, mathematical...

Trouble in Taichung.(Artworld)(proposed Guggenheim Museum in Taichung, Taiwan)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... Things are looking iffy for the proposed branch of the Guggenheim Museum in Taichung, Taiwan. According to local press reports, the town's mayor, Jason Hu, told Guggenheim director Thomas Krens in November that the city could not sign the...

Columbus Circle conversion challenged.(Artworld)(Museum of Arts & Design )(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... In early November, three preservation groups filed a suit to prevent the City of New York from selling Two Columbus Circle to the Museum of Arts & Design (formerly the American Craft Museum), which plans to convert the building into its new...

LACMA expansion on again.(Artworld)(Los Angeles County Museum of Art )(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... Less than a year after scrapping its ambitious $300-miliion expansion and renovation plan by Rom Koolhaas due to fund-raising problems, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art has a new scheme in the works. Though the museum has yet to make a...

New building for new museum.(Artworld)(New Museum of Contemporary Art )
January 1, 2004... The New Museum of Contemporary Art in Manhattan recently unveiled plans for its first commissioned facility, designed by Kazuyo Sijima and Ryue Nishlzawa of the Tokyo firm SANAA. Currently located on three levels of a tall loft building on...

Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art.(People)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... Marilu Knode, senior curator of the Institute of Visual Arts (INOVA) at the University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee for seven years, is the new senior curator of the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art.

Dallas Museum of Art.(People)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... The Dallas Museum of Art recently named Roslyn Adele Walker senior curator of the arts of Africa, the Pacific and the Americas. She was director of the National Museum of African Art in Washington, D.C., from 1997 to 2002.

Liz Thompson.(People)(Lower Manhattan Cultural Council)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... Liz Thompson, executive director of the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council since 1997, has resigned the post. Under her leadership, the agency's budget increased from $750,000 to $3.5 million, and its staff grew from 4 to 17 members. She oversaw...

The winners of the National Medal of Arts were recently announced by President Bush.(Awards & Grants)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... The winners of the National Medal of Arts were recently announced by President Bush. Notably absent from the list this year is a visual artist. Among the winners are dancers Tommy Tune and Suzanne Farrell, blues musician Buddy Guy, movie...

Americans for the Arts, a nonprofit advocacy group, recently presented its National Arts Awards.(Awards & Grants)(Brief Article)
January 1, 2004... Americans for the Arts, a nonprofit advocacy group, recently presented its National Arts Awards. At the ceremony, Kirk Varnedoe was the subject of a special memorial tribute for extraordinary contribution to the arts. Christo and Jeanne-Claude...