Black Issues in Higher Education articles from April 2004

Black Issues in Higher Education archives from April 2004

Academics, athletics and life skills.(Editor's Note)
April 8, 2004... Avid Black Issues 'readers know that in early April we honor outstanding students of color who have excelled both in the classroom and on the court, track or field with our annual Arthur Ashe Jr. Sports Scholars Awards. The Arthur Ashe edition...

Accountability plan for higher education would be a mistake, report says.(Washington Update)
April 8, 2004... The Bush administration's plan for imposing accountability measures--similar to those in the No Child Left Behind Act--on higher education is wrongheaded, according to a new report by the American Federation of Teachers (AFT). Lawrence N....

Experts address influence of AD/HD in Black community.(Washington Update)
April 8, 2004... A panel of experts voiced concerns to the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) about misperceptions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) in the African American community during a Capitol Hill briefing last month hosted by Children...

Greenspan: colleges can help solve jobs dilemma.(Washington Update)
April 8, 2004... Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan told a congressional hearing last month that support for community colleges is an area where government investment in education has paid off. He said community colleges were likely to provide critical...

New report finds Berkeley admitting more minorities than predicted: findings provide new platform for debate over affirmative action, 'comprehensive review' policy.(Noteworthy News)
April 8, 2004... In an announcement aimed at blunting attacks from its board chairman, the University of California released a study conceding that more Black and Latino students are being admitted to some UC campuses than a statistical model predicts. ...

Training for the Ph.D.: national conference brings together first-generation college students on the road to a doctoral degree.(Noteworthy News)
April 8, 2004... From as early as the third grade, Kimberly Sellers knew she wanted to earn a doctoral degree. So year after year, when her father brought home the issue of Black Issues In Higher Education listing college degrees conferred to African American...

Black police officers in the South still face racism, researcher says.(Noteworthy News)
April 8, 2004... A "blue curtain" has descended within police departments in the South, bringing to a standstill the progress made by Black officers, University of Florida research has found. The gains of the 1970s and '80s, when large numbers of Southern...

'Dean' of Hispanic writers donates papers to University of New Mexico.(Noteworthy News)
April 8, 2004... Albuquerque author, Rudolfo Anaya, known as the "dean" of Hispanic writers, has decided to donate his papers to the University of New Mexico. "I'm a UNM grad. I taught there. I just think that's where they belong," said Anaya, professor...

Jackson state grad named Black Engineer of the Year in Government.(Noteworthy News)
April 8, 2004... Brigadler General Robert Cmar (right), commanding general and division engineer of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers--Sosthwestern Division, was awarded the Black Engineer of the Year Award for Professional Achievement in Government last month....

The Citadel to launch African American studies program.(Noteworthy News)
April 8, 2004... In an effort to emphasize the importance of diversity on its Charleston, S.C., campus, The Citadel announced plans last month to launch a degree program with emphasis on African Americans. The 15-hour minor in African American studies,...

Oprah Winfrey makes second $5 million donation to Morehouse.(Noteworthy News)
April 8, 2004... Oprah Winfrey surprised Morehouse students and officials in February with a $5 million donation during the college's 137th Founder's Week celebration. Winfrey was awarded the first ever Candle for Lifetime Achievement in Humanitarian Service...

Emory University acquires Carter G. Woodson Archives.(Noteworthy News)
April 8, 2004... ATLANTA Scholars and researchers interested in the life and works of Carter G. Woodson will now have direct access to his archives via Emory University's Special Collections and Archives Division. Woodson's library and that of the...

Virginia cemetery provides glimpse to slave-trading past.(noteworthy news)
April 8, 2004... LEXINGTON, VA. An historian has found a 19th-century cemetery with grave markers that have African symbols etched on their surface, a rare link to the nation's slave-trading past. Rachel Malcolm-Woods, a James Madison University...

HIV, STD prevention programs urgently needed, researchers conclude.(noteworthy news)
April 8, 2004... SAN FRANCISCO New research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concludes that high-risk sexual behaviors were common among HIV-infected and uninfected young African American men having sex with men (MSM) in North...

Survey shows Blacks not concerned enough about kidney disease.
April 8, 2004... JACKSON, Miss. Health officials may have an uphill battle in educating Blacks about a disease that's being called a "silent killer," a recent survey shows. Kidney disease is an illness that's become more prevalent, especially in the...

Benchmarks & Barriers: for people of color in higher education.(First BIHE National Conference)
April 8, 2004... JUNE 17-19 2004 Marriott Crystal Gateway Arlington, Virginia (Washington, D.C. metropolitan area) A special conference commemorating the 20th anniversary of Black Issues In Higher Education Black Issues In Higher...

Academics and athletics: playing for the same team: NCAA president discusses the challenges of leading the organization in an era of academic reform.(Cover Story)
April 8, 2004... High expectations greeted Dr. Myles Brand when he became president of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in January 2003. As the fourth president of the nation's most powerful amateur sports organization, Brand has the...

Creating a successful student-athlete: discipline, focus and hard work are just a few attributes, says advising expert Dr. Ruth Darling.
April 8, 2004... Critics' of big-time college sports have been working for decades to control the rampant rise in commercialization on campus--and to hold the line on academic integrity. But the balancing act is a difficult one--as 2003, a year that saw...

Let the games begin--again: HBCU coaches and administrators give their play-by-play accounts of the benefits of reviving college football programs.
April 8, 2004... It's the pageantry, the precision, the rhythm and the music. It's wave after wave of energetic flute, trumpet, tuba and drum players wearing colorful uniforms and executing intricate steps. It's the dramatic dance moves and megawatt smiles of...

Top 25 graduation rates: March madness teams, 2004.
April 8, 2004... March Madness Teams, 2004 (Ranked by Graduation Rates for All Student-Athletes MEN'S TEAMS All Student-Athletes ...

Shattering the glass ceiling: blacks in coaching.(BI Forum)
April 8, 2004... During the 2003 football season, African Americans were employed as head coaches at five of the 117 NCAA Division I-A colleges and universities. At the conclusion of the 2003 season, there were 13 head coaching vacancies at Division I-A...

Civil rights milestones offer lessons.(Speaking Of Education)
April 8, 2004... The landmark legal decision, Brown v. Board of Education, was rendered on May 17, 1954. Fifty years later, campuses and communities are commemorating the decision and its impact on contemporary life. The Harvard legal scholar, Charles Ogletree,...

Robot debuts as receptionist at Carnegie Mellon.(Tech Talk)
April 8, 2004... PITTSBURGH Valerie, believed to be the world's first storytelling roboceptionist, recently began greeting visitors as they enter the computer science building at Carnegie Mellon University campus. The product of a two-and-a-half-year...

N.C. State Researchers develop fast Internet data protocol.(Tech Talk)
April 8, 2004... RALEIGH, N.C. Researchers at North Carolina State University's Department of Computer Science have developed a new data transfer protocol for the Internet that outpaces high-speed Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections many times over,...

Contest showcases safety devices created by college teams.(tech briefs)
April 8, 2004... REDMOND, WASH. The Microsoft Corp. in collaboration with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE) Computer Society has announced the winners of the first Microsoft Windows ChallengE competition. Teams of students...

Research Triangle area to seek 100,000 jobs.(tech briefs)
April 8, 2004... RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. A regional task force has launched a five-year, $5 million strategy that it says could generate 100,000 new jobs and increase employment in a 13-county region surrounding the Research Triangle area in North...

Technology-based collaboration to aid Iraqi libraries.(tech briefs)
April 8, 2004... BOSTON Responding to the devastating effects of war on Iraqi libraries, the Simmons College Graduate School of Library and Information Science and the Harvard University library system are collaborating to provide training for Iraqi...

Keeping PCs up to date can be fun.(Personal Computing)
April 8, 2004... Normally we think of maintenance as a chore, something we have to do to keep things running smoothly and prevent problems down the road. But with a personal computer, maintenance can actually be fun... approached from the right perspective....

Lee Hampton is the new executive director of Tulane University's Amistad Research Center.(On The Move)
April 8, 2004... LEE HAMPTON is the new executive director of Tulane University's Amistad Research Center, an independent archive of the history of African Americans and other ethnic groups. Previously, Hampton was vice president for institutional advancement...

University of the West Indies.(On The Move)
April 8, 2004... DR. E. NIGEL HARRIS has been named vice chancellor at the University of the West Indies. Currently, he is the dean and senior vice president for academic affairs at the Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta. Harris earned a bachelor's degree...

Sharon Jefferson has been selected as the new vice president for student affairs at Tallahassee Community College in Tallahassee, Fla.(On The Move)
April 8, 2004... SHARON JEFFERSON has been selected as the new vice president for student affairs at Tallahassee Community College in Tallahassee, Fla. She has been the interim vice president for the past year. Jefferson received her bachelor's degree and...

Robert E. Johnson has been named vice president for enrollment management at the University of Dayton in Ohio.(On The Move)
April 8, 2004... ROBERT E. JOHNSON has been named vice president for enrollment management at the University of Dayton in Ohio. Previously, Johnson was executive director of marketing and enrollment management at Central State University. He earned a bachelor's...

State University of New York Board of Trustees.(On The Move)
April 8, 2004... DR. ISIDORE OKPEWHO has been named a distinguished professor by the State University of New York Board of Trustees. He has taught at SUNY Buffalo, Ibadan University in Nigeria and Harvard University. Okpewho earned a bachelor's degree from the...

Jarvis Christian College.(On The Move)
April 8, 2004... DR. GEORGE J. PENN has been named vice president for external relations/institutional advancement and development at Jarvis Christian College in Hawkins, Texas. Penn comes to Jarvis from a position as assistant city manager in Carson, Calif. He...

Arizona State University was awarded $43.7 million from the United States Army to fund a five-year cooperative agreement to establish the Army Flexible Display Center.(Grants & awards)
April 8, 2004... Arizona State University was awarded $43.7 million from the United States Army to fund a five-year cooperative agreement to establish the Army Flexible Display Center, where flexible, low-power computer displays will be developed that can be...

Howard University (D.C.) John H. Johnson School of Communications was the recipient of a $100,000 gift from FOX News chairman and CEO Roger Ailes.(Grants & awards)
April 8, 2004... The Howard University (D.C.) John H. Johnson School of Communications was the recipient of a $100,000 gift from FOX News chairman and CEO Roger Ailes. The gift will be used to fund a training room and editing suite with equipment and technology...

Morris College (S.C.) recently received a $35,000 gift from the Teagle Foundation.(Grants & awards)
April 8, 2004... Morris College (S.C.) recently received a $35,000 gift from the Teagle Foundation of New York for the Luns C. Richardson Endowed Scholarship.

Mt. San Antonio College (Ca.) Nursing Program received a $17,000 grunt from Citrus Valley Medical Center and a $34,000 award from Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center.(Grants & awards)
April 8, 2004... Mt. San Antonio College (Ca.) Nursing Program received a $17,000 grunt from Citrus Valley Medical Center and a $34,000 award from Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center. The Citrus Valley grant will fund adjunct faculty positions to coordinate...

North Carolina A&T State University, in partnership with Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing.(Grants & awards)
April 8, 2004... North Carolina A&T State University, in partnership with Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing(Md.), received a $2.3 million, five-year grant from the National Institute of Nursing Research to create a Center for Health Disparities...

Events.(Calendar)
April 8, 2004... APRIL April 14-16 89th University Continuing Education Association (UCEA) Annual Conference "The New Majority" San Antonio, Texas Web: www.ucea.edu/2004confmain.htm April 15-17 Educational Writers Association...

Rethinking nationalism: seeking answers for future Black voices.(Last Word)
April 8, 2004... All of the organizations I am aware of that conduct statistical analyses of demographic information indicate that the United States is rapid y becoming a more diverse place (e.g.U.S. Census, 2000). Many of the major newspapers such as the...

The hip-hop evolution.(Editorial)
April 22, 2004... "I remember the day I fell in love with hip-hop," begins the opening scene of the 2002 romantic comedy "Brown Sugar," where Sanaa Lathan's character Sidney stands, alongside her childhood friend Dre (played by Taye Diggs), mesmerized by the...

NAFEO outlines new policies to Congress: advocacy group seeks $30 million program for predominantly Black colleges.(Washington Update)(National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education)
April 22, 2004... A leading advocacy group is asking Congress to create a $30 million program for "predominantly" Black colleges, or urban institutions that lack the history of HBCUs but face many of the same challenges. "Many of these schools are located...

Change to education law eases student testing participation.(Washington Update)
April 22, 2004... For the fourth time in as many months, the Bush administration is easing the restrictions of its education law, this time in the area of testing. The latest move is to reduce the number of students a school may test without running afoul of the...

Hampton University president to lead National Board.(William R. Harvey)(Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... Hampton University President William R. Harvey was appointed as the chairman of the National Board of the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education by U.S. Education Secretary Roderick Paige late last month. Harvey's three-year term...

Achieving unity through diversity: Fulbright conference addresses issues of discord, harmony in an increasingly multicultural United States.(Noteworthy News)
April 22, 2004... WASHINGTON Fulbright Visiting Scholar Dr. Otelemate Harry has spent time on several college campuses in the United States, but this year he is getting to know the East Coast. The linguistics scholar is in the middle of an 11-month stint as...

Grade-changing scandal rocks Southern University: former assistant registrar's illegal actions date back to 1995.(Noteworthy News)
April 22, 2004... BATON ROUGE, LA. A massive grade-changing scandal is rocking Southern University's campus, and may wind up in the revocation of some undergraduate and graduate degrees. In all, 541 students and former students have been implicated in...

N.C. students, faculty address HIV outbreak.(Noteworthy News)
April 22, 2004... DURHAM, N.C. More than 450 students and faculty from North Carolina's 12 historically Black colleges and universities recently gathered to discuss the alarming increase of HIV rates among Black students. "Stomp Out HIV/STDs," held on the...

Judge rules against petition drive aimed at ending affirmative action.(Noteworthy News)(Paula Manderfield)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... LANSING, MICH. A state board should not have approved a petition circulated by a group trying to end affirmative action at Michigan public universities and other public agencies, a judge ruled. The decision, handed down in late March...

Pioneering cellist to head Wheaton College.(Noteworthy News)
April 22, 2004... NORTON, MASS. Wheaton's board of trustees has appointed Dr. Ronald Crutcher, provost of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, as the seventh president of Wheaton College. In taking Wheaton's highest post, Crutcher becomes the first African...

Former Plattsburgh State President to become Grambling's seventh president.(Noteworthy News)
April 22, 2004... BATON ROUGE, LA. Dr. Horace Judson, the former president of Plattsburgh State University of New York, has been named the next president of Grambling State University. The board of supervisors for the University of Louisiana System...

Former football great stirs controversy with comments on black athletes.(Noteworthy News)(Paul Hornung)
April 22, 2004... SOUTH BEND, IND. Just one day after suggesting that Notre Dame needed to lower their academic standards to "get the Black athlete," former Heisman Trophy winner Paul Hornung said he regretted his comments. "I was wrong," Hornung told...

Desmond Tutu featured at CU-Boulder AIDS symposium.(Noteworthy News)(University of Colorado)
April 22, 2004... BOULDER, Colo. Nobel Peace Prize-winner Desmond Tutu kicked off a six-day "Stop the Silence" AIDS Symposium last month at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The former archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, was the keynote speaker...

Pace University scholar wins grant to edit fugitive slave papers.(Noteworthy News)(Jean Fagan Yellin)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... NEW YORK Harriet Jacobs (1813-1897), the fugitive slave who wrote the landmark memoir Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, is the only African American woman held in slavery whose papers are known to exist. ...

Morehouse College earns national academic champion title.(Noteworthy News)
April 22, 2004... ORLANDO, FLA. After a three-day competition last month among the best and brightest academic all-stars from historically Black colleges and universities, a team of students from Morehouse College in Atlanta earned the national champion...

Once-barred student emerges as UT Presidential Candidate.(Noteworthy News)(Kenneth Olden, University of Tennessee)(Biography)
April 22, 2004... KNOXVILLE, TENN. Dr. Kenneth Olden couldn't get into the University of Tennessee when he graduated from high school in the 1950s because of the color of his skin. Today, a little less than 50 years later, UT is getting another chance....

Colo. State students voice concern over Albright speech on Chavez Day.(Noteworthy News)(Madeleine Albright, Cesar Chavez)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... FORT COLLINS, Colo. Hispanic students at Colorado State University were concerned that scheduling former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to speak on a day honoring Cesar Chavez discredits efforts to educate the community about their...

Benchmarks & barriers for people of color in higher education: June 17-19, 2004 Marriott Crystal Gateway Arlington, Virginia (Washington, D.C. metropolitan area).(First BIHE National Conference)
April 22, 2004... A special conference commemorating the 20th anniversary of Black Issues In Higher Education Black Issues In Higher Education 20th Anniversary Conference & Celebration Benchmarks and Barriers for People of Color in Higher Education June...

Who's playin' whom? Overwhelming influence of hip-hop culture, rap music on HBCU campuses concerns students, faculty.(Questions About Hip-Hop)(Cover Story)
April 22, 2004... In December 2000, Dr. Thomas Earl Midgette had harsh words for the hip-hop movement that was sweeping his campus. When he was interviewed for an article in Black Issues titled "The Miseducation of Hip-Hop," Midgette didn't hold back: "You see...

Decoding hip-hop's cultural impact: scholars are poised to take a close look at the influence of hip-hop on the social identity, values of today's youth.(Questions About Hip-Hop)
April 22, 2004... As a cultural movement, hip-hop manages to get billed as both a positive and negative influence on young people, especially on Black and Latino youth. On one hand, there are African American activists, artists and entrepreneurs, such as Russell...

Making some noise: the academy's hip-hop generation: scholarship on the genre moves beyond a project of legitimization into a more self-critical, challenging realm.(Questions About Hip-Hop)
April 22, 2004... A hip-hop archive at Harvard University? Classes at Berkeley, Stanford, Michigan, Yale and MIT? Panel discussions on Jay-Z and Nas sandwiched between Milton and the Harlem Renaissance at the Modern Language Association conference? The...

Reading the notes for hip-hop, popular culture.(Check It While I Wreck It: Black Womanhood, Hip-Hop Culture, and the Public Sphere)(Young, Black, Rich and Famous: The Rise of the NBA, the Hip-Hop Invasion and the Transformation of American Culture)(Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music)(Songs in the Key of Black Life: A Nation of Rhythm and Blues)(Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema)(Brief Article)(Book Review)
April 22, 2004... Check It While I Wreck It: Black Womanhood, Hip-Hop Culture, and the Public Sphere By Dr. Gwendolyn D. Pough Northeastern University Press, June 2004, 256 pages, $50.00 cloth, ISBN 1555536085; $20.00 paper, ISBN 1555536077 In this...

Study: college men, women share similar habits in technology use, ownership.(tech briefs)
April 22, 2004... ROCHESTER, N.Y. In contrast to the perspective that women lag behind men in adopting computer technology, a national survey has revealed that college women share more similarities with college men over information technology ownership and...

Students use internet to help with laundry.(tech briefs)
April 22, 2004... Through May 15, Carnegie Mellon University is piloting eSuds, a Web-based laundry system, in three residence halls. If all goes well with the pilot, the system will be installed campuswide this August, just in time for the 2004-05 school year....

Youth should get cyber ethics at home, survey says.(tech briefs)
April 22, 2004... WASHINGTON It's the parents' primary responsibility to teach kids respect for copyrighted works, according to a new survey on Internet downloading ethics commissioned by the Business Software Alliance (BSA). The survey reveals that 4...

When it pays to pay for research.(Personal Computing)
April 22, 2004... There comes a time when one asks even of Yahoo, even of Google, "Is this all?" Yahoo and Google do an admirable job of categorizing the Internet and making its contents more accessible. But ultimately they're search tools, not research tools....

Consortium for Graduate Study in Management.(Peter J. Aranda III new director)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... PETER J. ARANDA III is the new executive director for the Consortium for Graduate Study in Management. Aranda has served the private sector and higher education as an executive and an educator. He earned a bachelor's from the University of...

San Diego Community College District.(Dr. Constance Carroll appointed chancellor)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... DR. CONSTANCE CARROLL has been appointed chancellor of the San Diego Community College District. Carroll has been president of Mesa College since 1993 and has an extensive history of national, state and community service. She earned a...

Wheelock College in Massachusetts.(Jackie Jenkins-Scott names president)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... JACKIE JENKINS-SCOTT has been named the next president of Wheelock College in Massachusetts. Previously she was president and chief executive officer of the Dimock Community Health Center. She earned a bachelor's degree from Eastern Michigan...

National Alumni Council of the United Negro College Fund.(Rubye Taylor-Drake elected president)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... DR. RUBYE TAYLOR-DRAKE has been elected president of the National Alumni Council of the United Negro College Fund. Taylor-Drake served previously as vice president for public relations on the National Alumni Council board of directors. She...

Roosevelt University.(Pamela Trotman Reid new provost and executive vice president of academic affairs)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... DR. PAMELA TROTMAN REID is the new provost and executive vice president in charge of academic affairs at Roosevelt University. Reid currently has a joint teaching and research appointment in the School of Education and the College of...

Auburn University.(Jocelyn Wilcher appointed)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... JOCELYN WILCHER has joined Auburn University in Alabama as the student adviser for the Office of Diversity and Multicultural Affairs. Wilcher formerly was academic adviser in the College of Architecture, Design and Construction. She earned a...

Brown University.(Grants & awards of $5.5 million from Charles M. Royce)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... Brown University (R.I.) received a $5.5 million gift from Brown alumnus and trustee emeritus Charles M. Royce to fund six professorships designed to honor Brown faculty for excellence in teaching. The Royce Family Professorships in Teaching...

Edward Waters College.(Grants & awards of $500,000 from Dr. Gaspar Lazzara)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... Edward Waters College (Fla.) is the recipient of $500,000 from Dr. Gasper Lazzara and his wife Irene to begin the Lazzara Scholarship Program. The gift will be used toward a $5 million auditorium on the campus and a $5 million scholarship...

Empire State College, of the State University of New York, has received $1.25 million.(Grants & awards of $1.25 million from Charitable Leadership Foundation)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... Empire State College, of the State University of New York, has received $1.25 million from the Charitable Leadership Foundation to assist with the development and implementation of the college's new master of arts in teaching degree program,...

Texas College.(Grants & awards if $100,000 from Cain Foundation)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... Texas College received a $100,000 pledge from the Cain Foundation to benefit the college's choir program. The monies will be paid over a four-year period.

Texas Lutheran University.(Grants & awards of $12.1 million received)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... Texas Lutheran University received a $12.1 million bequest from the estate of the late John A. Jackson of Dallas to strengthen TLU's endowment and expand educational opportunities for its students.

University of Connecticut.(Grants & awards of $150,000 from Connecticut Health Foundation)(Brief Article)
April 22, 2004... The University of Connecticut Vice Provost Office for Multicultural and International Affairs has received a $150,000 planning grant from the Connecticut Health Foundation. The 18-month grant will be used to engage in campus assessment,...

Events.(Calendar)
April 22, 2004... APRIL April 25-27 Symposium for the Recruitment and Retention of Students of Color 7th Annual Symposium "Connecting the Circle: Recruitment, Retention and Graduation" Embassy Suites KCI Hotel Kansas City, Mo. Contact: Robert N. Page...

Administration as activism.(Last Word)
April 22, 2004... The suit. The paper-pusher. The gatekeeper. Few people go into administrative work to become one of these, nonetheless many of us end up living up to these management stereotypes. Sometimes this is the result of a deliberate effort to maintain...