Annual Review of Psychology articles from January 1 1996

Annual Review of Psychology archives from January 1 1996

Aspects of the search for neural mechanisms of memory.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Plasticity of the nervous system in relation to learning and memory, now a major field of research, has long been an important theme in psychology and related disciplines. William James (1890) was not the first to attribute...

Theoretical foundations of cognitive-behavior therapy for anxiety and depression.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depressive disorders is well established as a promising and frequently effective treatment (e.g. Chambless & Gillis 1993, Dobson 1989, Hollon et al 1993). CBT is a generic term...

The design and analysis of social-interaction research.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION A classic definition of psychology is that it is "the "science of behavior." Because behavior, particularly in humans, typically occurs with others present, the design and the analysis of social-interaction data are...

Personality: individual differences and clinical assessment.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION The annual yield of personality assessment research continues to grow, and the number of new journals and books devoted to personality test applications has increased over the past decade. Much of this research centers on the...

Health psychology: psychological factors and physical disease from the perspective of human psychoneuroimmunology.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Much of psychoneuroimmunology's popularity with both the public and the psychological community derives from its promise to explore and explain the common belief that our personalities and emotions influence our health. Can...

Verbal learning and memory: does the modal model still work?
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on recent research concerning verbal learning and memory. A prominent guiding framework for research on this topic over the past three decades has been the modal model of memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968,...

Long-term potentiation and learning.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION All neurobiologists would agree that information is acquired, stored, and retrieved by the brain; memory is a thing in a place in a brain. Unfortunately, we do not understand completely how any brain encodes memory as a...

Cross-cultural social and organizational psychology.
January 1, 1996... [A] human race speaking many tongues, regarding many values, and holding different convictions about the meaning of life sooner or later will have to consult al1 that is human. G Murphy (1969, p. 528) INTRODUCTION An American...

Stereotypes.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION On the Question of "Why?": The Context-Dependent Function of Stereotypic Thinking Why do people engage in stereotypic thinking? Should stereotypes be seen as the inevitable by-products of a miserly cognitive style, for...

Expert and exceptional performance: evidence of maximal adaption to task constraints.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Human behavior is enormously adaptive to environmental demands. In psychology, the most important changes in behavior are attributed to learning, as are changes in cognition, brain function, and many other modifications of the...

Teams in organizations: recent research on performance and effectiveness.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Scope and Objectives For more than a decade now, psychology has enjoyed a rekindled interest in groups and teams. Chapters in previous Annual Review of Psychology volumes have considered group research (e.g. Levine &...

Psychology in Canada.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Psychology is flourishing in Canada. It is the most popular discipline in universities, prominent in government and private-sector research settings, and well established among the health-care and helping professions. As a...

Methodological issues in psychopathology research.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Research into the causes, correlates, and consequences of psychopathology is becoming an increasingly sophisticated endeavor. Rather than providing a systematic empirical or theoretical review of substantive research areas...

The social structure of schooling.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION This review examines the ways in which social structural contexts affect the educational process: namely, what is taught in school, how it is taught, and what is learned. The term social structure refers to a relatively...

Origins and early development of perception, action, and representation.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Recent findings on the perceptual, motor, and conceptual competencies of young infants challenge long-held beliefs about early development. According to most classical developmental theories (Baldwin 1906, Bruner 1973, Piaget...

Auditory psychophysics and perception.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Fechner's so-called inner and outer psychophysics are today represented in audition by (a) the relations between auditory behavior and correlated physiological observations, mostly in the cochlea and auditory nerve, and (b)...

Environmental psychology: 1989-1994.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Environmental psychology examines relationships between people and their physical environments (e.g. Bell et al 1990, Gifford 1994). This review appears less than three decades after publication of the first textbook of...

Cognitive skill acquisition.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION When an individual acquires the ability to solve problems in intellectual tasks, where success is determined more by the subject's knowledge than by his or her physical prowess, the individual has acquired a cognitive skill....

Attachment and separation in young children.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Attachment and separation have traditionally been studied in the context of mother-infant and mother-child dyads. However, more recent research suggests the existence of bonds similar to those in mother-infant and...

Covariance structure analysis: statistical practice, theory, and directions.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Most psychological data are multivariate in nature. An important approach to understanding such data is to develop and evaluate a model of how the data might have been generated. In the case of experiments, the explanatory...

The motivational impact of temporal focus: thinking about the future and the past.
January 1, 1996... INTRODUCTION Most world languages mark time grammatically to differentiate future events from events in the past and the present (Binnick 1991). This linguistic attribute sensitizes individuals to the temporal status of events. Motivation...