Albion articles from March 2003

Albion archives from March 2003

Piscatorial politics revisited: The language of economic debate and the evolution of fishing policy in Elizabethan England (1).
March 22, 2003... The historiography of Tudor economic legislation has been preoccupied with two questions: firstly whether any consistent economic planning, or simply expedient reactions to various problems, can be discerned in Elizabethan policy; and secondly...

Eighteenth-Century English Politics: Recent work *.
March 22, 2003... As with earlier review articles, (1) there is the problem of deciding what to focus on, with the accompanying issue of choice and subjectivity. The last arises from the continuing breadth of the subject, particularly the wide definition of...

Disconnecting Church and state: Richard Whately's ideas in the 1830s.
March 22, 2003... Addressing the clergy of his diocese in 1831, Bishop John Kaye of Lincoln spoke frankly. "We cannot be surprised at being told," he said, "as we often are, that the days [of the established church] are already numbered, and that it is destined...

Home rule for England, english nationalism, and edwardian debates about constitutional reform.
March 22, 2003... The body of recent historical explorations of Englishness and Britishness can seem practically interminable. (1) To some, this work is more a cause than a product of the dynamic underlying recent constitutional changes in the United Kingdom....

Text and Picture in Anglo-Saxon England: Narrative Strategies in the Junius II Manuscript. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Catherine E. Karkov. Text and Picture in Anglo-Saxon England: Narrative Strategies in the Junius II Manuscript. (Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001. Pp. xi, 225. S69.95. ISBN 0-521-80069-2. ...

The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 1066-c. 1280. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Barbara Harvey, ed. The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 1066-c. 1280, (The Short Oxford History of the British Isles.) New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. Pp. xvii, 317. $16.95 paper. ISBN 0-19-873139-6. The current volume in the...

Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Peter Biller and Joseph Ziegler, eds. Religion and Medicine in the Middle Ages. (York Studies in Medieval Theology III.) Rochester, N. Y.: Boydell and Brewer. 2001. Pp. xvi, 253. $90.00. ISBN 1-903153-07-7. This volume is based upon a...

The Black Prince. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... David Green. The Black Prince. Charleston, S.C.: Tempus. 2001. Pp. 159. $21.95 paper. ISBN 0-7524-1989-7. The life of Edward III's eldest son, Edward (1330-1376), spanned the period of some of England's greatest military triumphs and...

Richard Beauchamp; Medieval England's Greatest Knight. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... David Brindley. Richard Beauchamp; Medieval England's Greatest Knight. Charleston, S.C.: Tempus Publishing, Inc.; dist. by Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, S. C. 2001. Pp. 159. $32.50 paper. ISBN 0-7524-1970-6. Richard Beauchamp, Earl of...

Maps and the Writing of Space in Early Modern England and Ireland. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Bernhard Klein. Maps and the Writing of Space in Early Modern England and Ireland. New York: Palgrave. 2001. Pp. xii, 235. $65.00. ISBN 0-333-77933-9. If the first generation of social historians of early modem England followed Peter...

The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Eamon Duffy. The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 2001. Pp. xxviii, 232. $22.50. ISBN 0-300-09185-0. This is local history at its very best; listening at the key...

Tudor Placemen and Statesmen: Select Case Histories. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Narasingha P. Sil. Tudor Placemen and Statesmen: Select Case Histories. Cranbury, N. J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2001. Pp. 311. $49.50. ISBN 0-8386-3912-7. This book consists of a group of discrete studies of the court...

Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Lucy E. C. Wooding. Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England. (Oxford Historical Monographs.) New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. 2000. Pp. x, 305. $70.00. ISBN 0-19-820865-0. In this challenging book, Lucy Wooding...

Bishops and Reform in the English Church. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Kenneth Carleton. Bishops and Reform in the English Church, 1520-1559. (Studies in Modern British Religious History, Vol. 3.) Rochester, N. Y.: Boydell and Brewer. 2001. Pp. ix, 226. $75.00. ISBN 0-85115-816-1. Kenneth Carleton's revised...

Piracy, Slavery, and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Daniel J. Vitkus, ed. Piracy, Slavery, and Redemption: Barbary Captivity Narratives from Early Modern England. New York: Columbia University Press. 2001. Pp. xvi, 376. $22.50 paper. ISBN 0-231-11905-4. This book makes available for students...

Print and Protestantism in Early Modern England. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Ian Green. Print and Protestantism in Early Modern England. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000. Pp. xxiii, 691. $110.00. ISBN 0-19-820860-X. This is the second volume in Ian Green's dauntingly ambitious project fully to describe the...

Cambridgeshire Hearth Tax Returns Michaelmas 1664 & Kent Hearth Tax Assessment Lady Day 1664. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Nesta Evans and Susan Rose, eds. Cambridgeshire Hearth Tax Returns Michaelmas 1664. (Hearth Tax Series, Volume I.) London: The British Record Society. 2000. Pp. cxx, 385. $64.00. ISBN 0-904323-15-3. Duncan Harrington, Sarah Pearson and...

The Reign of Elizabeth I. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Carole Levin. The Reign of Elizabeth I. New York: Palgrave. 2002. Pp. ix, 146. $39.95 paper. ISBN 0-333-65865-5. Carole Levin informs readers at the outset of this book that she will provide a synthesis of recent scholarship and augment...

Playing Companies and Commerce in Shakespeare's Time. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Roslyn Lander Knutson. Playing Companies and Commerce in Shakespeare's Time. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001. Pp. x, 198. $54.95. ISBN 0-521-77242-7. To critics of Renaissance drama, the work of theater historians often remains...

Idols of the Marketplace: Idolatry and Commodity Fetishism in English Literature, 1580-1680. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... David Hawkes. Idols of the Marketplace: Idolatry and Commodity Fetishism in English Literature, 1580-1680. (Early Modern Cultural Studies, 1500-1700.) New York: Palgrave. 2001. Pp. x, 294. $55.00. ISBN 0-312-24007-4. In this wide-ranging...

Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions and Portrayals of the City from Stow to Strype, 1598-1720. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... J. F. Merritt, ed. Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions and Portrayals of the City from Stow to Strype, 1598-1720. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001. Pp. xii, 305. ISBN 0-521-77346-6. This excellent volume of essays is not...

Press Censorship in Jacobean England. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Cyndia Susan Clegg. Press Censorship in Jacobean England. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001. Pp. xi, 286. $59.95. ISBN 0-521-78243-0. Readers familiar with Cyndia Clegg's Press Censorship in Elizabethan England (1997) will perhaps...

The Cambridge Companion to Writing of the English Revolution. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... N. H. Keeble, ed. The Cambridge companion to Writing of the English Revolution. (Cambridge Companions to Literature.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001. Pp. xxii, 296. $59.95. ISBN 0-521-64252-3. This volume occupies a curious...

Oliver Cromwell & Cromwell's Major-Generals: Godly Government during the English Revolution. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... J. C. Davis. Oliver Cromwell. (Reputations.) New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. Pp. x, 243. $19.95 paper. ISBN 0-340-73118-4. Christopher Durston. Cromwell's Major-Generals: Godly Government during the English Revolution. (Politics,...

Solomon's Child. Method in the Early Royal Society of London. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... William T. Lynch. Solomon's Child Method in the Early Royal Society of London. (Writing Science.) Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 2001. Pp. xvi, 292. $60.00. ISBN 0-8047-3291-4. This is a significant book, shifting...

Women Alone: Spinsters in England, 1660-1850. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Bridget Hill. Women Alone: Spinsters in England, 1660-1850. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 2001. Pp. viii, 219. $37.50. ISBN 0-300-08820-5. At a time when self-help authors urge women to focus on finding a mate or face the...

Policing an Punishment in London, 1660-1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... J. M. Beattie. Policing an Punishment in London, 1660-1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. Pp. xx, 491. $74.00. ISBN 0-19-820867-7. The Old Bailey sat at the center of the eighteenth-century...

Criminality and Narrative in Eighteenth-Century England: Beyond the Law. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Hal Gladfelder. Criminality and Narrative in Eighteenth-Century England: Beyond the Law. (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2001. Pp. xiii, 281. $42.50. ISBN 0-8018-6608-1. Over the "long" eighteenth century the print...

Undertaker of the Mind: John Monro and Mad-Doctoring in Eighteenth-Century England. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Jonathan Andrews and Andrew Scull. Undertaker of the Mind: John Monro and Mad-Doctoring in Eighteenth-Century England. (Medicine and Society.) Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 2001. Pp. xxii, 365. $35.00. ISBN 0-520-23151-1....

The English Poor Laws 1700-1930. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Anthony Brundage. The English Poor Laws, 1700-1930. (Social History in Perspective.) New York: Palgrave. 2002. Pp. vii, 185. $14.99 paper. ISBN 0-333-69336-1. Study of the English poor laws has been a virtual cottage industry for the...

Slavery Obscured: The Social History of the Slave Trade in an English Provincial Port. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Madge Dresser. Slavery Obscured: The Social History of the Slave Trade in an English Provincial Port. (The Black Atlantic.) New York: Continuum. 2001. Pp. xiv, 242. n. p. paper. ISBN 0-8264-4876-3. This study adds a number of new dimensions...

Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755-1763. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Stephen Brumwell. Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755-1763. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2002. Pp. x, 349. $34.95. ISBN 0-521-80783-2. This is an excellent example of military history, that will at once be...

The Anti-Jacobin Novel: British Conservatism and the French Revolution. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... M. O. Grenby. The Anti-Jacobin Novel: British Conservatism and the French Revolution. (Cambridge Studies in Romanticism.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001. Pp. xiii, 271. $59.95. ISBN 0-521-80351-9. The French Revolution was...

The Middlemost and the Milltowns, Bourgeois Culture and Politics in Early Industrial England. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Brian Lewis. The Middlemost and the Milltowns, Bourgeois Culture and Politics in Early Industrial England. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 2001. Pp. viii, 580. $65.00. ISBN 0-8047-4174-3. Why did early industrial Britain avoid...

Born to Rule: British Political Elites. (Reviews of Book).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Ellis Wasson: Born to Rule: British Political Elites. Stroud, U.K.: Sutton Publishing, Ltd. 2000. Pp. xvi, 224. $34.95. ISBN 0-7509-2313-X. A question kept arising in my mind while reading Ellis Wasson's interesting book: "Why hasn't...

Chancellor Broughamn and His World: A Biography. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Trowbridge H. Ford. Chancellor Broughamn and His World: A Biography. (Volume II.) Chichester, U.K.: Barry Rose Law Publishers, Ltd. 2001. Pp. xxiii, 786. [pounds sterling]45.00. ISBN 1-872328-15-6. This volume continues Trowbridge Ford's...

A Frigate of King George: Life and Duty on a British Man-of-War 1807-1829. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Brian Vale. A Frigate of King George: Life and Duty on a British Man-of-War 1807-1829. New York: I. B. Tauris; dist. By Palgrave. 2001. Pp. xi, 204. $35.00. ISBN 1-86064-654-9. Brian Vale has focused his attention of late on the role of...

Salamanca, 1812. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Rory Muir. Salamanca, 1812. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 2001. Pp. xiv, 322. $35.00. ISBN 0-300-08719-5. Rory Muir, the author of two excellent books on the wars of the Napoleonic period, has written a detailed account and...

British Women in the Nineteenth Century. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Kathryn Gleadle. British Women in the Nineteenth Century. (Social History in Perspective.) New York: Palgrave. 2001. Pp. vi, 250. $65.00. ISBN 0-333-67629-7. Kathryn Gleadle's compact and highly useful study is a welcome addition to the...

The Rescue of Romanticism: Walter Pater and John Ruskin. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Kenneth Daley. The Rescue of Romanticism: Walter Pater and John Ruskin. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. 2001. Pp. xiii, 169. $39.95. ISBN 0-8214-1382-1. Although the title of this monograph offers three keywords for the cataloguers...

An Economic History of London, 1800-1914. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Michael Ball and David Sunderland. An Economic History of London, 1800-1914. New York: Routledge. 2001. Pp. x, 470. $110.00. ISBN 0-415-24691-1. London attracts many different styles of historian. There are the detailed regional studies of...

The Chimney of the World: A History of Smoke Pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Stephen Mosley. The Chimney of the World: A History of Smoke Pollution in Victorian and Edwardian Manchester. Cambridge: The White Horse Press. 2001. Pp. x, 271. np. ISBN 1-874267-49-9. Manchester, the world's first real industrial city, is...

Mural Painting in Britain, 1840-1940: Image and Meaning. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Clare A. P. Willsdon. Mural Painting in Britain, 1840-1940: Image and Meaning. (Clarendon Studies in the History of Art.) New York: Oxford University Press. 2000. Pp. xxxvi, 431. $120.00. ISBN 0-19-817515-9. British mural painting would for...

Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Maurice Cowling. Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England. (Volume III: Accommodations.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001. Pp. xxiv, 766. $100.00. ISBN 0-521-25960-6. While reading Maurice Cowling's Religion and Public...

Technology, Industrial Conflict and the Development of Technical Education in 19th-Century England. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Bernard Cronin. Technology, Industrial Conflict and the Development of Technical Education in 19th-Century England. (Modern Economic and Social History.) Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. 2001. Pp. xiv, 301. $99.95. ISBN 0-7546-0313-X. This book...

Public Speech and the Culture of Public Life in the Age of Gladstone. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Joseph S. Meisel. Public Speech and the Culture of Public Life in the Age of Gladstone. New York: Columbia University Press. 2001. Pp. xv, 382. $50.00. ISBN 0-23l-12144-X. A welcome addition to both historical and rhetorical studies of...

British Quakerism, 1660-1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Thomas C. Kennedy. British Quakerism, 1660-1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. Pp. xv, 477. $90.00. ISBN 0-19-827035-6. This book is an important contribution to Quaker history,...

The Life and Times of J. Neville Keynes: A Beacon in the Tempest. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Phyllis Deane. The Life and Times of J. Neville Keynes: A Beacon in the Tempest. Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 2001. Pp. xvii, 315. $95.00. ISBN 1-84064-534-2. In this engaging biography of John Neville Keynes...

Popular Culture in London, c. 1890-1918: The Transformation of Entertainment. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Andrew Horrall. Popular Culture in London, c. 1890-1918: The Transformation of Entertainment. (Studies in Popular Culture.) New York: Manchester University Press; dist. by Palgrave, New York, N. Y. 2001. Pp. xiv, 267. $74.95. ISBN...

The Lancashire Working Classes c. 1880-1930. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Trevor Griffiths. The Lancashire Working Classes c. 1880-1930. (Oxford Historical Monographs.) New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. 2001. Pp. xi, 390. $85.00. ISBN 0-19-924738-2. This book is in many respects a classic...

George Newnes and the New Journalism in Britain, 1880-1910: Culture and Profit. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Kate Jackson. George Newnes and the New Journalism in Britain, 1880-1910: Culture and Profit. (The Nineteenth Century.) Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate. 2001. Pp. xi, 293. $79.95. ISBN 0-7546-0317-2. In the years 1880-1914, a crucial shift in the...

The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany 1914-1939. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Deborah Cohen. The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany 1914-1939. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 2001. Pp. xii, 286. $50.00. ISBN 0-520-22008-0. War is a central topic, if the number of books published...

Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early Twentieth-Century Britain. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Peter J. Bowler. Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early Twentieth-Century Britain. (Science and Its Conceptual Foundations.) Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. 2001. Pp. xiii, 479. $40.00. ISBN 0-226-06858-7. Peter...

The Role of Amphibious Warfare in British Defence Policy, 1945-56. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Ian Speller. The Role of Amphibious Warfare in British Defence Policy, 1945-56. (Cormorant Security Series.) New York: Palgrave. 2001. Pp. xi, 250. $68.00. ISBN 0-333-80097-4. Amphibious warfare is a form of operations on the boundaries of...

John Maynard Keynes. Volume Three: Fighting for Freedom, 1937-1946. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Robert Skidelsky. John Maynard Keynes. Volume Three: Fighting for Freedom, 1937-1946. New York: Viking. 2000. Pp. xxvii, 580. $34.95. ISBN 0-670-03022-8. Returning to America in November 1940 Lord Lothian, the British Ambassador, remarked...

Cricket and Race. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Jack Williams. Cricket and Race. New York: Berg Publishers. 2001. Pp. ix, 231. n. p. paper. ISBN 1-85973-309-3. Hot on the heels of writing a major contribution to the social history of England's inter-war national game--Cricket and England...

Radio London and Resistance in Occupied Europe: British Political Warfare, 1939-1943. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Michael Stenton. Radio London and Resistance in Occupied Europe: British Political Warfare, 1939-1943. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000. Pp. xvi, 423. $74.00. ISBN 0-19-820843-X. One of the many wonderful things about the movie...

Post Holocaust Politics: Britain, The United States, and Jewish Refugees, 1945-1948. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Arieh J. Kochavi. Post Holocaust Politics: Britain, The United States, and Jewish Refugees, 1945-1948. Chapel Hill, N. C.: The University of North Carolina Press. 2001. Pp. xv, 377. $45.00. ISBN 0-8078-2620-0. In his detailed study of the...

The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Peter Hennessy. The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945. New York: Palgrave. 2001. Pp. xiv, 686. $45.00. ISBN 0-312-29313-5. Hennessy's book is as nuanced, personal, fascinating, fluid, evolving, and even convoluted as...

Scotland and Europe: The Medieval Kingdom and its Contacts With Christendom, c.1215-1545. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... David Ditchburn. Scotland and Europe: The Medieval Kingdom and its Contacts With Christendom, c.1215-1545. (Volume 1: Religion, Culture and Commerce.) East Linton, U.K.: Tuckwell Press. 2001. Pp. xiii, 335. $26.95 paper. ISBN 1-86232-172-8. ...

The Scottish Empire. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Michael Fry. The Scottish Empire. East Linton, U.K.: Tuckwell Press, Ltd. 2001. Pp. xxvi, 580. n.p. ISBN 1-86232-185-X. This narrative traces the role of Scots in the British Empire from its origins to the present day. It is, as the author...

Scottish Fairy Belief a History. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... Lizanne Henderson and Edward J. Cowan. Scottish Fairy Belief a History. East Linton, U.K.: Tuckwell Press, Ltd. 2001. Pp. xi, 242. [pounds sterling]14.99 paper. ISBN 1-86232-190-6. In 1691, the Scottish minister Robert Kirk completed his...

Scottish Politics in the Twentieth Century. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... I. G. C. Hutchison. Scottish Politics in the Twentieth Century. (British History in Perspective.) New York: Palgrave. 2001. Pp. xvi, 190. $59.95. ISBN 0-312-23549-6. The first thing to emphasize about this book is that it is based on...

Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... James H. Murphy. Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria. Washington, D. C.: The Catholic University of America Press; dist. by Hopkins Fulfillment, Baltimore, Md. 2001. Pp. xxxiv, 361. n. p. ISBN...

Political Discourse in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Ireland. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
March 22, 2003... D. George Boyce, Robert Eccleshall and Vincent Geoghegan, eds. Political Discourse in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Ireland. New York: Palgrave. 2001. Pp. xii, 309. $72.00. ISBN 0-333-71261-7. This is at once a far less daunting and...