Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs articles from September 2006

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs archives from September 2006

Iran: U.S. concerns and policy responses.(Country overview)
September 1, 2006... Updated September 11, 2006 Summary According to the Administration's "National Security Strategy" document released on March 16, 2006, the United States "may face no greater challenge from a single country than Iran." That perception...

Iran's nuclear program: recent developments.(International Atomic Energy Agency)
September 1, 2006... Summary International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections since 2003 have revealed two decades' worth of undeclared nuclear activities in Iran, including uranium enrichment and plutonium separation efforts. Iran agreed in 2003 to...

Homeland security: Coast Guard operations--background and issues for Congress.
September 1, 2006... Summary The Coast Guard is the lead federal agency for maritime homeland security. For FY2007, the Coast Guard is requesting a total of about $4.5 billion for missions defined in The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) as the...

Iraq: elections, government, and constitution.
September 1, 2006... Summary Elections in 2005 for a transition government (January 30, 2005), a permanent constitution (October 15), and a permanent (four year) government (December 15) were concluded despite insurgent violence, progressively attracting Sunni...

U.S. strategic nuclear forces: background, developments, and issues.
September 1, 2006... Summary During the Cold War, the U.S. nuclear arsenal contained many types of delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons. The longer range systems, which included long-range missiles based on U.S. territory, long-range missiles based on...

Border security: barriers along the U.S. International Border.
September 1, 2006... September 21, 2006 Summary Congress has been considering expanding the barriers currently deployed along the U.S. international land border. Currently, the United States Border Patrol (USBP) deploys fencing, which aims to impede the...

Trade promotion authority and fast-track negotiating authority for trade agreements: major votes.
September 1, 2006... Summary This report profiles significant legislation, from 1974 to the present, concerning presidential trade promotion authority (also referred to as TPA) for trade agreements. TPA was previously known as fast-track trade negotiating...

Iran's influence in Iraq.
September 1, 2006... Summary Iran's influence over the post-Saddam government in Iraq is substantial because the predominant parties in that government have long enjoyed Tehran's sponsorship. An emerging concern is that Iran's influence has extended to support...

Iraq: post-Saddam governance and security.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 22, 2006 Summary Operation Iraqi Freedom succeeded in overthrowing Saddam Hussein's regime, but Iraq remains unstable because of Sunni Arab resentment and a related insurgency, compounded by Sunni-Shiite violence...

Immigration consequences of criminal activity.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 20, 2006 Summary Congress has broad plenary authority to determine classes of aliens who may be admitted into the United States and the grounds for which they may be removed. Pursuant to the Immigration and...

Immigration related border security legislation in the 109th Congress.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 19, 2006 Summary Border security is considered a central aspect of the United States' overall homeland security. Securing the border involves controlling the official ports of entry (POE) through which legitimate...

Immigration legislation and issues in the 109th Congress.
September 1, 2006... Update September 21, 2006 Summary Security concerns are figuring prominently in the development of and debate on immigration legislation in the 109th Congress. In May 2005, the REAL ID Act became law as Division B of P.L. 109-13. It...

The cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and other global war on terror operations since 9/11.
September 1, 2006... Summary Through FY2006, Congress has appropriated a total of about $437 billion for military operations, base security, reconstruction, foreign aid, embassy costs, and veterans' health care for the three operations initiated since the 9/11...

Agricultural biotechnology: background and recent issues.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 5, 2006 Summary Since the first genetically engineered (GE) crops (also called GM [genetically modified] crops, or GMOs, genetically modified organisms) became commercially available in the mid-1990s, U.S. soybean,...

The budget for fiscal year 2007.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 1, 2006 Summary The Administration's July 2006 Mid-Session Review and the Congressional Budget Office's (CBO) Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update both showed some minor improvement in the budget outlook for FY2007...

U.S. international trade: trends and forecasts.(Statistical data)
September 1, 2006... Updated September 19, 2006 Summary This report provides an overview of the current status, trends, and forecasts for U.S. international trade. The purpose of this report is to provide current data and brief explanations for the various...

Terrorist watchlist checks and air passenger prescreening.
September 1, 2006... September 6, 2006 Summary Considerable controversy surrounds U.S. air passenger prescreening and terrorist watchlist checks. In the past, such controversy centered around diverted international flights and misidentified passengers....

Immigration: terrorist grounds for exclusion and removal of aliens.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 5, 2006 Summary The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) spells out a strict set of admissions criteria and exclusion rules for all foreign nationals who come permanently to the United States as immigrants (i.e.,...

Israeli-Arab negotiations: background, conflicts, and U.S. policy.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 21, 2006 Summary After the first Gulf war, in 1991, a new peace process involved bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon with mixed results. Milestones included the...

Caspian oil and gas: production and prospects.(Report)(Statistical data)
September 1, 2006... Summary There is a likelihood of relatively large reserves of crude oil and natural gas in the Caspian Sea region, and a consequent large increase in oil and natural gas production from that area. Because diversity of energy sources and...

China-U.S. relations: current issues and implications for U.S. policy.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 22, 2006 Summary In the George W. Bush Administration, U.S.-China relations have remained unusually smooth and stable. But U.S. policy toward China now appears to be subject to competing reassessments. State...

Current economic conditions and selected forecasts.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 27, 2006 Summary U.S. real GDP growth has been positive for 18 consecutive quarters, and the economy is considered to be in an "expansion" phase. As of the second quarter 2006, real or inflation-adjusted growth was...

Cybercrime: the Council of Europe convention.
September 1, 2006... Summary Forty-three countries, including the United States, have signed the Council of Europe's Convention on Cybercrime of November 2001. The U.S. Senate ratified the Convention on August 3, 2006. The Convention seeks to better combat...

Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization: an overview.(Dispute Settlement Understanding)
September 1, 2006... Summary Dispute resolution in the World Trade Organization (WTO) is carried out under the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), whose rules and procedures apply to virtually all WTO agreements. The DSU provides for consultations...

Gasoline prices: new legislation and proposals.
September 1, 2006... Summary The high price of gasoline was an important consideration during the debate on the Energy Policy Act of 2005, H.R. 6 (P.L. 109-58). As prices continued to surge, the continuing crisis renewed attention on some issues that were...

Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq and Afghanistan: effects and countermeasures.
September 1, 2006... Summary Since October 2001, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs, or roadside bombs) have been responsible for many of the more than 2,000 combat deaths in Iraq, and 178 combat deaths in Afghanistan. (1) IEDs are hidden behind signs and...

Latin America: terrorism issues.
September 1, 2006... Summary In the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, DC, U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America intensified, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. Latin American nations...

Lebanon.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Summary The United States and Lebanon continue to enjoy good relations. Prominent current issues between the United States and Lebanon include progress toward a Lebanon-Israel peace treaty, U.S. aid to Lebanon, and Lebanon's capacity to...

Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI).
September 1, 2006... Summary The Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) is now three years old. Initially, 11 nations pledged their cooperation in interdicting shipments of weapons of mass destruction-related (WMD) materials; more than 70 nations now support...

Trade preferences for developing countries and the WTO.(World Trade Organization )
September 1, 2006... Summary World Trade Organization (WTO) Members must grant immediate and unconditional most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment to the products of other Members with respect to tariffs and other trade-related measures. Programs such as the...

U.S. agricultural trade: trends, composition, direction, and policy.
September 1, 2006... Summary U.S. agricultural exports for FY2006 are forecast by the U.S. Department of Agriculture at $68 billion. Agricultural imports are expected to reach $64.5 billion. The agricultural trade surplus, projected to be $3.5 billion, is at...

U.S. agricultural exports, imports, and trade balance.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * U.S. agricultural exports in FY2006 are forecast by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to be $67 billion, a record high. * Agricultural imports also are forecast at a record $65 billion in FY2006. * The U.S. agricultural trade...

Shares of U.S. production exported.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * USDA estimates that production from one-third of harvested acreage is exported. * In FY2005, 48% of the U.S. wheat crop was exported, while 18% of the U.S. corn crop moved into world markets. Corn's share of exports has declined as...

Composition of U.S. agricultural exports: major commodity components.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * The United States exports a wide range of agricultural products, including horticultural products, livestock products and poultry, and field crops. * Horticultural product exports (fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, and their...

Composition of U.S. agricultural exports: bulk, consumer-ready, and intermediate product exports.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * Bulk agricultural exports include products like wheat, coarse grains, cotton, and soybeans. * Intermediate products have been processed to some extent and include products like wheat flour, soybean oil, and feeds. * Consumer-ready...

Major country markets for U.S. agricultural exports.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * Canada and Mexico, both U.S. partners in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), are the first- and second-largest markets for U.S. agricultural exports. Total U.S. agricultural exports to these two countries in FY2006 is forecast to...

World market shares: crops.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * Wheat: Although it has lost export market share over the last decade, the United States remains the major supplier of wheat and wheat products to the world market, with a forecast share of 25% in marketing year 2006/2007. Australia, Canada,...

World market shares: livestock and dairy.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * Beef: Brazil, with 26% (forecast) of world exports in 2006, has emerged as the world's largest supplier of beef to world markets. The U.S. share of world beef exports, 18% in 2003, has declined to a forecast 6% in 2006, because of mad cow...

Major U.S. agricultural imports.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * High-value horticultural products (fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, beer, and others) are the largest category of U.S. agricultural imports--$22 billion--in FY2005. * Other high-value imports include red meats ($5.7 billion), and oilseeds...

U.S. agricultural imports by country of origin.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * Agricultural imports from the EU-25, Canada and Mexico, account for 58% of total U.S. agricultural imports in FY2006. * Australia (at $2.6 billion) is forecast to be the fourth largest supplier. * Agricultural imports from Brazil are...

Growth in U.S. agricultural exports.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * Growth in U.S. farm exports to Asia slowed considerably following a 1997 financial crisis, but have since resumed an upward trend. * U.S. agricultural exports to the EU have declined from highs of around $9 billion in the late 1990s to...

Growth in U.S. agricultural exports to Asian markets.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * U.S. agricultural exports to Japan, the United States' third largest agricultural export market, have declined since 1996. * U.S. agricultural exports to China have grown rapidly during 1992-2006. Since 2001, when China became a member of...

Growth in agricultural exports to North and South America.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * Growth in U.S. agricultural trade with Canada and Mexico, both NAFTA trading partners, and with Latin America has been particularly strong since 1992. * U.S. agricultural exports to Canada are forecast to reach $11.4 billion in FY2006....

Market development programs in selected countries.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * Most major agricultural exporting countries have programs to promote agricultural exports and develop markets. Programs include consumer promotions, market research, technical assistance, and trade servicing. (1) * 37% of the funds for...

Producer Support Estimates (PSEs) in selected OECD countries (2).(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * PSEs measure assistance to producers in terms of the value of monetary transfers generated by agricultural policy. Transfers are paid either by consumers or by taxpayers in the form of market price support, direct payments, or other support....

Producer Support Estimates (PSEs) in the United States and the European Union (3).(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... * The PSE for all agricultural products in the EU declined from 41% in 1986-88, and was 32% in 2005. * The PSE for all agricultural products in the United States declined from 22% in 1986-88 to 16% in 2005. * Products most heavily...

Domestic support and export subsidies in the United States and the European Union.(U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy)(Statistical data)
September 1, 2006... * The governments of both the United States and the European Union provide income support to farmers and subsidize agricultural exports. EU direct subsidies in 1998 were more than four times larger than direct U.S. subsidies; in 1999 EU...

WTO Doha round: the agricultural negotiations.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Summary On July 24, 2006, the WTO's Director General announced the indefinite suspension of further negotiations in the Doha Development Agenda or Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations. The principal cause of the suspension was...

North Korean ballistic missile threat to the United States.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Summary This report updates recent information concerning, specifically, North Korea's long-range ballistic missile program. On July 4-5, 2006, North Korea test- launched seven ballistic missiles, including a new Taepo Dong 2 that failed...

The U.S. farm economy.(Report)(Statistical data)
September 1, 2006... Summary According to USDA's Economic Research Service (ERS), national net farm income--a key indicator of U.S. farm well-being--is expected to experience a decline in 2006 following three years of robust receipts and income. (1) Net farm...

The proposed U.S.-Malaysia free trade agreement.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Updated September 21, 2006 Summary This report addresses the proposed U.S.-Malaysia free trade agreement (FTA). It provides a brief overview of the Malaysian economy, a review of U.S. interests in the proposed agreement, an examination...

Trade negotiations during the 109th Congress.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Updated September 15, 2006 Summary The Bush Administration has made bilateral and regional free-trade agreements (FTAs) more important elements of U.S. trade policy, a strategy known as "competitive liberalization." This strategy, it...

U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Summary On April 12, U.S. Trade Representative Rob Portman and Peruvian Minister of Foreign Trade and Tourism Alfredo Ferrero Diez Canseco signed the U.S.-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA). The agreement was concluded on December 7,...

U.S. agricultural policy response to WTO cotton decision.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Summary In a dispute settlement case (DS267) brought by Brazil against certain aspects of the U.S. cotton program, a WTO Appellate Body (AB) recommended in March 2005 that the United States remove certain "prohibited subsidies" by July 21,...

Latin America and the Caribbean: issues for the 109th Congress.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 13, 2006 Summary Over the past two decades, the Latin America and Caribbean region has made enormous strides in terms of political and economic development. In 2006, elections for head of government have already been...

Generalized system of preferences: background and renewal debate.(Report)
September 1, 2006... September 26, 2006 Summary The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) provides duty-free tariff treatment to certain products imported from designated developing countries. The United States, the European Union, and other developed...

History and rationale of the GSP.(Generalized System of Preferences: Background and Renewal Debate)(Report)
September 1, 2006... The basic principle behind the GSP is to provide certain goods originating in developing countries with preferential market access (usually in the form of lower tariff rates or duty-free status) to developed country markets in order to spur...

U.S. Implementation.(Generalized System of Preferences: Background and Renewal Debate)
September 1, 2006... Congress authorized the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences scheme in Title V of the Trade Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-618), as amended. (33) It authorizes the President to grant duty-free treatment under the GSP for any eligible product from any...

Effectiveness of GSP.(Generalized System of Preferences: Background and Renewal Debate)(Report)
September 1, 2006... The statutory goals of the GSP are, in part, to (1) promote the development of developing countries, (2) promote trade, rather than aid, as a more efficient way of promoting economic development, (3) stimulate U.S. exports in developing country...

Options for Congress.(Generalized System of Preferences: Background and Renewal Debate)
September 1, 2006... Several options would appear to be available to Congress with respect to the treatment of the GSP program. As explained more fully below, Congress could allow the GSP program to expire on after December 31, 2006, its statutory expiration date,...

Conclusion.(Generalized System of Preferences: Background and Renewal Debate)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... Many different competing interests seem to cloud perspectives on the best way to proceed on renewal of the Generalized System of Preference Program. The three major options are to (1) consider automatic renewal of the program, either on a short...

Appendix.(Generalized System of Preferences: Background and Renewal Debate)(Statistical table)
September 1, 2006... Appendix Table 1. GSP Product Imports from Leading BDCs, 2005 HTS No. MFN Description Tariff Rate India 7113195000 5.5% Gold...

Restructuring U.S. foreign aid: the role of the director of foreign assistance.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 8, 2006 Summary The creation of a new State Department position--Director of Foreign Assistance--has sparked congressional interest regarding the management and any possible future reform of U.S. foreign aid programs....

Lebanon: the Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah conflict.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 15, 2006 Summary This report analyzes the conflict between Israel and two U.S. State Department-designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs), the Lebanese Shiite Muslim group Hezbollah and the radical Palestinian...

U.S.-India nuclear cooperation: a side-by-side comparison of current legislation.
September 1, 2006... September 5, 2006 Summary In March 2006, the Bush Administration proposed legislation to create an exception for India from certain provisions of the Atomic Energy Act to facilitate a future nuclear cooperation agreement. After...

East Asian regional architecture: new economic and security arrangements and U.S. policy.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Summary The end of the Cold War, the rise of China, globalization, free trade agreements, the war on terror, and an institutional approach to keeping the peace is causing dramatic shifts in relationships among countries in East Asia. A new...

Disarming Libya: weapons of mass destruction.
September 1, 2006... Summary On December 19, 2003, Libya announced it would dismantle its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and ballistic missile programs. Since then, U.S., British, and international officials have inspected and removed or destroyed key...

Intelligence spending: public disclosure issues.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 25, 2006 Summary Although the United States Intelligence Community encompasses large Federal agencies--the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the National Reconnaissance Office,...

China/Taiwan: evolution of the "One China" policy--key statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Updated September 7, 2006 Summary Despite apparently consistent statements in over three decades, the "one China" policy concerning Taiwan remains somewhat ambiguous and subject to different interpretations. Apart from questions about...

Part I: U.S. policy on "One China".(China/Taiwan: Evolution of the "One China" Policy--Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei )(Report)
September 1, 2006... Congressional Concerns Paying particular attention to congressional influence on policy, this CRS Report discusses the U.S. "one China" policy concerning Taiwan since the United States (under the Nixon Administration) began in 1971 to...

Part II: highlights of key statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei.(China/Taiwan: Evolution of the "One China" Policy--Key Statements from Washington, Beijing, and Taipei)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... In Part II below, this CRS Report provides documented excerpts from key statements on "one China" as articulated by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei, in addition to the three Communiques and the TRA, since the United States first reached...

Statements during Nixon administration.(Part II: Highlights of Key Statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei)(Speech)
September 1, 2006... Kissinger's Secret Talks with PRC Premier Zhou Enlai. (75) July 9, 1971 Our military presence in Taiwan at this moment is composed of two elements, the two-thirds of it which is related to activities in other parts of Asia [the Vietnam...

Statements during Ford administration.(Part II: Highlights of Key Statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei)(Speech)(Brief article)
September 1, 2006... President Ford's Address to a Joint Session of Congress. (82) August 12, 1974 To the People's Republic of China, whose legendary hospitality I enjoyed, I pledge continuity in our commitment to the principles of the Shanghai communique. The...

Statements during Carter administration.(Part II: Highlights of Key Statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei)(Jimmy Carter)
September 1, 2006... U.S. Statement on Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and the People's Republic of China. (83) December 15, 1978 (84) As of January 1, 1979, the United States of America recognizes the People's Republic of China as the sole legal...

Statements during Reagan administration.(Part II: Highlights of Key Statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei)
September 1, 2006... PRC Leader Ye Jianying's Nine-Point Proposal. (94) September 30, 1981 Now, I would take this opportunity to elaborate on the policy concerning the return of Taiwan to the motherland for the realization of peaceful unification [proclaimed...

Statements during George H. W. Bush administration.(Part II: Highlights of Key Statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei)
September 1, 2006... Toast at the Welcoming Banquet in Beijing. (109) February 25, 1989 We remain firmly committed to the principles set forth in those three joint communiques that form the basis of our relationship. And based on the bedrock principle that...

Statements during Clinton administration.(Part II: Highlights of Key Statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei)(Bill Clinton)
September 1, 2006... PRC Premier Li Peng Warns Taiwan. (116) March 15, 1993 (117) We advocate that both sides hold talks as soon as possible on bringing hostility between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait to an end and gradually fulfilling peaceful...

Statements during George W. Bush administration.(Part II: Highlights of Key Statements by Washington, Beijing, and Taipei)
September 1, 2006... President Bush on "Whatever It Takes". (165) April 25, 2001 On ABC: [If Taiwan were attacked by the PRC, the United States has an obligation to use] whatever it took to help Taiwan defend herself. On CNN: Well, I think that the Chinese...

Selected procedural safeguards in federal, military, and international courts.(Report)
September 1, 2006... Updated September 18, 2006 Summary Declaring it necessary to bring to justice those responsible for the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001, President Bush signed a Military Order (M.O.) authorizing the trial...

Enemy combatant detainees: habeas corpus challenges in federal court.
September 1, 2006... Updated September 26, 2006 Summary After the U.S. Supreme Court held that U.S. courts have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [section] 2241 to hear legal challenges on behalf of persons detained at the U.S. Naval Station in...

Undisclosed U.S. detention sites overseas: background and legal issues.(Report)
September 1, 2006... September 12, 2006 Summary President Bush's announcement on September 6, 2006, that 14 "high-value detainees" suspected of terrorist activity have been transferred from locations abroad to the U.S. detention facility at the Guantanamo...

Presidential signing statements: constitutional and institutional implications.
September 1, 2006... September 20, 2006 Summary Presidential signing statements are official pronouncements issued by the President contemporaneously to the signing of a bill into law that, in addition to commenting on the law generally, have been used to...

Terrorist Surveillance Act of 2006: S. 3931 and Title II of S. 3929, the Terrorist Tracking, Identification, and Prosecution Act of 2006.(Report)
September 1, 2006... September 25, 2006 Summary On Friday, September 22, 2006, two bills were introduced by Senator Mitch McConnell, for himself and Senator William H. Frist, that deal with foreign intelligence surveillance: S. 3931, the "Terrorist...

Protection of security-related information.(Report)
September 1, 2006... September 27, 2006 Summary The terrorist attacks of September 11 prompted a reevaluation of how to balance public access to information with the need for safety and security. The accumulation of confidential business information from...