Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs articles from October 2008

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs archives from October 2008

Iraq: post-Saddam governance and security.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 2, 2008 Iraq has not previously had experience with a democratic form of government, although parliamentary elections were held during the period of British rule under a League of Nations mandate (from 1920 until Iraq's...

Policy in the 1990s emphasized containment.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... Prior to the January 16, 1991, launch of Operation Desert Storm to reverse Iraq's August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, President George H.W. Bush called on the Iraqi people to overthrow Saddam. That Administration decided not to try to do so...

Post-September 11, 2001: regime change and war.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... Several senior Bush Administration officials had long been advocates of a regime change policy toward Iraq, but the difficulty of that strategy led the Bush Administration initially to continue its predecessor's containment policy. (11) Some...

Post-Saddam transition and governance.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... According to statements by the Administration, U.S. goals are for a unified, democratic, and federal Iraq that can sustain, govern, and defend itself and is an ally in the global war on terrorism. Administration officials have, for the most...

Security challenges and responses.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... Since the fall of Saddam Hussein, the United States has employed a multi- faceted approach to stabilizing Iraq. In late 2006, the effort was determined by the Administration to be faltering as violence and U.S. casualties escalated. In...

Iraq study group report, legislative proposals, and other options.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... In formulating the "troop surge" strategy announced on January 10, 2007, President Bush said he weighed the December 6, 2006, report of the Iraq Study Group, as well as input from several other reviews, including one directed by the Joint...

Presidential transitions: issues involving outgoing and incoming administrations.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... October 23, 2008 Contents Introduction Agency Rulemaking "Midnight Rulemaking" Card Memorandum Bolten Memorandum Congressional Disapproval of "Midnight Rules" Executive Orders Timing and Volume...

Presidential succession: perspectives, contemporary analysis, and 110th Congress proposed legislation.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... October 3, 2008 Contents Introduction Perspective: Presidential Succession in the Constitution and Federal Law, 1787-1967 Original Intent: Presidential Succession at the Constitutional Convention The Succession...

Human rights in China: trends and policy implications.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... October 31, 2008 Contents Overview A Mixed Picture Selected Highlights from the State Department's Human Rights Report for 2007 The Birth of Civil Society Non-Governmental Organizations Human Rights...

Transatlantic regulatory cooperation: background and analysis.
October 1, 2008... October 22, 2008 Contents Introduction U.S. - EU Regulatory Barriers Rationale for Transatlantic Regulatory Cooperation Economic Rationale Political Rationale Counter-arguments U.S. - EU Differences in...

Conventional arms transfers to developing nations, 2000-2007.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... October 23, 2008

Introduction and overview.(Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007)
October 1, 2008... This report provides Congress with official, unclassified, background data from U.S. government sources on transfers of conventional arms to developing nations by major suppliers for the period 2000 through 2007. It also includes some data on...

Major findings.(Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007)
October 1, 2008... General Trends in Arms Transfers Worldwide The value of all arms transfer agreements worldwide (to both developed and developing nations) in 2007 was nearly $60 billion. This was an increase in arms agreements values over 2006 of 9.2%...

Arms values: data tables and charts for 2000-2007.(Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007)
October 1, 2008... Tables 1 through 1J present data on arms transfer agreements with developing nations by major suppliers from 2000-2007. These data show the most recent trends in arms contract activity by major suppliers. Delivery data, which reflect...

Selected weapons deliveries to developing nations, 2000-2007.(Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007)
October 1, 2008... Other useful data for assessing arms transfers are those that indicate who has actually delivered specific numbers of specific classes of military items to a region. These data are relatively "hard" in that they reflect actual transfers of...

Worldwide arms transfer agreements and deliveries values, 2000-2007.(Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007)
October 1, 2008... Ten tables follow. Tables 8, 8A, and 8B and Tables 9, 9A, and 9B, provide the total dollar values for arms transfer agreements and arms deliveries worldwide for the years 2000-2007 in the same format and detail as do Tables 1, 1A, and 1B and...

Description of items counted in weapons categories, 2000-2007.(Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007)
October 1, 2008... Tanks and Self-propelled Guns: This category includes light, medium, and heavy tanks; self-propelled artillery; self-propelled assault guns. Artillery: This category includes field and air defense artillery, mortars, rocket launchers and...

Regions identified in arms transfer tables and charts.(Conventional Arms Transfers to Developing Nations, 2000-2007)
October 1, 2008... ASIA Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Brunei Burma (Myanmar) China Fiji India Indonesia Japan Cambodia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Laos Malaysia Nepal New Zealand ...

Financial turmoil: comparing the troubled asset relief program to the federal reserve's response.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... The crux of the problem facing financial firms in the current environment stems from the large losses on some of their assets, particularly mortgage-related assets. (1) This has caused a number of problems for the firms related to capital...

Iraq: politics, elections, and benchmarks.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Elections and Constitutional Referendum in 2005 After about one year of occupation, the United States handed sovereignty to an appointed Iraqi government on June 28, 2004. In line with a March 8, 2004, "Transitional Administrative Law"...

Iraq: post-Saddam governance and security.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 28, 2008 Iraq has not previously had experience with a democratic form of government, although parliamentary elections were held during the period of British rule under a League of Nations mandate (from 1920 until Iraq's...

Policy in the 1990s emphasized containment.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... Prior to the January 16, 1991, launch of Operation Desert Storm to reverse Iraq's August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, President George H.W. Bush called on the Iraqi people to overthrow Saddam. That Administration decided not to try to do so...

Post-September 11, 2001: regime change and war.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... Several senior Bush Administration officials had long been advocates of a regime change policy toward Iraq, but the difficulty of that strategy led the Bush Administration initially to continue its predecessor's containment policy.11 Some...

Post-Saddam Transition and Governance.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... According to statements by the Administration, U.S. goals are for a unified, democratic, and federal Iraq that can sustain, govern, and defend itself and is an ally in the global war on terrorism. Administration officials have, for the most...

Security challenges and responses.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... Since the fall of Saddam Hussein, the United States has employed a multi- faceted approach to stabilizing Iraq. In late 2006, the effort was determined by the Administration to be faltering as violence and U.S. casualties escalated. In...

Iraq study group report, legislative rroposals, and other options.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
October 1, 2008... In formulating the "troop surge" strategy announced on January 10, 2007, President Bush said he weighed the December 6, 2006, report of the Iraq Study Group, as well as input from several other reviews, including one directed by the Joint...

Bahrain: reform, security, and U.S. policy.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... The Political Structure, Reform, and Human Rights (1) The Al Khalifa family, which is Sunni Muslim, has ruled Bahrain since 1783, when the family's arrival ended a century of domination by Persian settlers. Bahrain became independent from...

The America COMPETES Act and the FY2009 budget.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Contents Overview of the America COMPETES Act Agency Programs and the America COMPETES Act National Institute of Standards and Technology Department of Energy Department of Education National Science Foundation ...

The gulf security dialogue and related arms sale proposals.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 8, 2008. Contents Background The Gulf Security Dialogue Structure and Objectives Analysis and Regional Implications Related Arms Sale Proposals and Notifications to Congress Prospective Sale of Joint...

China-U.S. relations: current issues and implications for U.S. policy.(CRS report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 9, 2008 Contents Most Recent Developments Background and Overview Introduction Background Current Issues and Developments Beijing Summer Olympic Games 2008 Sichuan Earthquake Demonstrations...

Jordan: background and U.S. relations.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 17, 2008 Contents Overview Domestic Politics and the Economy The Hashemite Royal Family Parliament, Constitution, and Elections The 1993 Election Law 2007 Parliamentary Elections The...

China-U.S. trade issues.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 7, 2008 Contents U.S. Trade with China Major U.S. Exports to China Major U.S. Imports from China Major U.S.-China Trade Issues Health and Safety Concerns Over Certain Imports from China China's...

Brazil-U.S. relations.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 6, 2008 Contents Background Political Situation The First Lula Administration October 2006 Elections The Second Lula Administration Economic and Social Conditions Efforts to Boost Economic...

Russian political, economic, and security issues and U.S. interests.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 6, 2008 Contents Most Recent Developments Post-Soviet Russia and Its Significance for the United States Political Developments Chechnya Economic Developments Economic Reform Foreign Policy Russia...

China Naval modernization: implications for U.S. Navy capabilities--background and issues for Congress.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 8, 2008. Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Introduction.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Issue for Congress Concern has grown in Congress and elsewhere since the 1990s about China's military modernization and its potential implications for required U.S. military capabilities. China's military modernization is an increasing...

Background.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
October 1, 2008... China's Naval Modernization (3) This section summarizes certain elements of China's military modernization that may have implications for required U.S. Navy capabilities. See Appendix B for additional details and commentary on several of...

Potential oversight issues for congress.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-- Background and Issues for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Potential oversight questions for Congress arising from China's military modernization and its potential implications for required U.S. Navy capabilities can be organized into three groups: * questions relating to China's military...

Legislative activity.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
October 1, 2008... FY2009 FY2009 legislative activity for some of the issues covered in this report is covered in other CRS reports, as follows: * for the size of the fleet, see CRS Report RL32665, Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background...

Appendix A. Examples of expressions of concern.(China Naval Modernization: Implications forU.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
October 1, 2008... This appendix presents some examples since 2005 of expressions of concern about China's military modernization, and of its potential implications for U.S. Navy requirements. A May 2005 press report stated that: China is one of the...

Appendix B. Additional Details on China's Naval Modernization Efforts.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
October 1, 2008... This appendix presents additional details and commentary on several of the elements of China's military modernization discussed in the "Background" section of this report. Missiles. Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles (ASBMs). Regarding the...

U.S. nuclear cooperation with India: issues for Congress.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 17, 2008 Contents Recent Developments Background Global Partnership Issues for Consideration Strategy vs. Tactics Impact on U.S. Nonproliferation Policies Iran Restricting Enrichment and...

Iran: U.S. concerns and policy responses.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 8, 2008 Much of the debate over U.S. policy toward Iran has centered on the nature of the current regime; some believe that Iran, a country of almost 70 million people, is a threat to U.S. interests because hardliners in...

Political history.(Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses)
October 1, 2008... The United States was an ally of the late Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ("the Shah"), who ruled from 1941 until his ouster in February 1979. The Shah assumed the throne when Britain and Russia forced his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi (Reza...

Regime structure and stability, human rights, and elections.(Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses)
October 1, 2008... About a decade after founding the Islamic republic, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini died on June 3, 1989. The regime he established, consisting of some elected and some appointed positions, appears relatively stable, despite internal schisms,...

Iran's strategic capabilities and weapons of mass destruction programs.(Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses)
October 1, 2008... The Administration's "National Security Strategy" document released March 16, 2006--and which continues to represent a prevailing Bush Administration view--says the United States "may face no greater challenge from a single country than from...

Foreign policy and support for terrorist groups.(Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses)
October 1, 2008... Iran's foreign policy is a product of the ideology of Iran's Islamic revolution, blended with long-standing national interests, and is intended largely to overturn the "status quo" in the Middle East that Iran believes favors the United...

U.S. policy responses, options, and legislation.(Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses)
October 1, 2008... The February 11, 1979 fall of the Shah of Iran, a key U.S. ally, opened the long and deep rift in U.S.-Iranian relations. On November 4, 1979, radical "students" seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and held its diplomats hostage until minutes...

Conclusion.(Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses)
October 1, 2008... Mistrust between the United States and Iran's Islamic regime has run deep for over two decades. Many experts say that all factions in Iran are united on major national security issues and that U.S.-Iran relations might not improve unless or...

South Africa: current issues and U.S. Relations.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 7, 2008 Contents Background Political Situation Rise and Decline of the Democratic Alliance Strains in the ANC Alliance The Succession Debate and Mbeki's Resignation The Arms Deal and Other...

Congress and U.S. policy on North Korean human rights and refugees: recent legislation and implementation.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Introduction North Korea's systematic violation of its citizens' human rights and the plight of North Koreans trying to escape their country have been well documented in multiple reports issued by governments and other international...

NATO enlargement: Albania, Croatia, and possible future candidates.
October 1, 2008... October 6, 2008 Contents Introduction Process The Candidate States Albania Domestic Reforms Public Support for NATO Membership Defense Reforms and Ability to Contribute to Allied Missions Regional...

Auction basics: background for assessing proposed treasury purchases of mortgage-backed securities.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... October 14, 2008 Contents Dutch Auctions and Reverse Dutch Auctions Quality Differences of Troubled Assets Presents Challenges for Auctions Adverse Selection and Firms' Asset Holdings Reputational Issues and...

Afghanistan: government formation and performance.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Post-Conflict Political Transition and Political Landscape U.S. policy has been to extend the authority and encourage reform of Afghanistan's President Hamid Karzai and his central government, predicated on the observation that weak and...

Afghanistan: post-war governance, security, and U.S. policy.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 15, 2008 Katzman, Kenneth Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Background to recent developments.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
October 1, 2008... Prior to the founding of a monarchy in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, Afghanistan was territory inhabited by tribes and tribal confederations linked to neighboring nations, not a distinct entity. King Amanullah Khan (1919-1929) launched attacks on...

Post-War stabilization and development.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
October 1, 2008... The war paved the way for the success of a decade-long U.N. effort to form a broad-based Afghan government; the United Nations was viewed as a credible mediator by all sides largely because of its role in ending the Soviet occupation. During...

Post-War security operations and force capacity building.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
October 1, 2008... The top security priority of the Administration has been to prevent the Taliban and its allies from challenging the Afghan government as that government builds capacity to defend itself. Many of the "nation-building" priorities discussed in...

Regional context.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
October 1, 2008... Although most of Afghanistan's neighbors believe that the fall of the Taliban has stabilized the region, some experts believe that some neighboring governments are attempting to manipulate Afghanistan's factions to their advantage, even though...

U.S. and International aid to Afghanistan and Development Issues.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
October 1, 2008... Many experts believe that financial assistance and accelerating reconstruction would do more to improve the security situation than intensified anti-Taliban combat. Afghanistan's economy and society are still fragile after decades of warfare...

Residual issues from past conflicts.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
October 1, 2008... A few issues remain unresolved from Afghanistan's many years of conflict, such as Stinger retrieval and mine eradication. Stinger Retrieval. Beginning in late 1985 following internal debate, the Reagan Administration provided about 2,000...

Appendix. U.S. and International Sanctions lifted.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
October 1, 2008... Virtually all U.S. and international sanctions on Afghanistan, some imposed during the Soviet occupation era and others on the Taliban regime, have now been lifted. * On January 10, 2003, President Bush signed a proclamation making...

Azerbaijan's October 2008 presidential election: outcome and implications.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Introduction After achieving independence in 1991, Azerbaijan was convulsed by secessionism by its Nagorno Karabakh (NK) region, civil disorder, and a steep economic decline. In recent years, however, the exploitation of oil and natural...

The cost of government financial interventions, past and present.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Where Has the Money Come From? In the recent interventions, there have been two primary sources of immediate funding: the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the U.S. Treasury. The Fed has the authority under its founding statute to loan money "in...

The cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and other global war on terror operations since 9/11.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 15, 2008 Amy Belasco Specialist in U.S. Defense Policy and Budget Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Introduction.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States has initiated three military operations: * Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) covering Afghanistan and other Global War on Terror (GWOT) operations ranging from the...

War cost issues in the 110th Congress.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... This report is designed to answer frequently asked questions as well as to address some of the major war cost issues that arose in the 110th Congress and are likely to confront the next Congress as well. Some of the most commonly asked...

War cost estimates through enactment of the FY2008/FY2009 bridge.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... CRS has estimated the allocation of all DOD budget authority (BA) by the three operations--Iraq, Afghanistan, and enhanced security--because DOD has not done so. Although DOD has reported the total amount appropriated for the Global War on...

Trends in war funding.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... The total cost for all three operations--Iraq, Afghanistan, and other GWOT and enhanced security--has risen steeply since the 9/11 attacks primarily because of higher DOD spending in Iraq. Annual war appropriations more than doubled from about...

Recent and future war cost issues.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... The following sections discuss several war cost issues that have arisen and are likely to be faced by Congress including: * How long the Army can operate before passage of the FY2009 supplemental; * What are the cost implications of...

Problems in war cost estimates and reporting.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... GAO, CBO and CRS have all testified to Congress about the limited transparency in DOD' war cost estimating and reporting. (82) While DOD has provided considerably more justification material for its war cost requests beginning with the FY2007...

Appendix A. Congressional action on FY2008 and FY2009 war funding.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... On June 30, 2008, the President signed the FY2008 Supplemental and FY2009 Bridge Fund (H.R. 2642, P.L. 110-252) that was passed by the Senate on June 26, 2008 and by the House a week earlier. Referred to as the FY2008 Supplemental, the act...

Appendix B. DOD tools to extend financing war cost.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... Urgency in Passing the FY2008 Supplemental. On June 4, 2008 while awaiting further congressional action on the supplemental, the House and Senate appropriations committees approved part of DOD's request to transfer additional funds to the Army...

Appendix C. War appropriations by act and by agency.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
October 1, 2008... Table A1. Chronology of FY2008 War and FY2009 War Requests (in billions of $) Agency FY2008 FY2008: FY2008: Total Req. As of July 07 Oct. 07 FY2008 Feb....

Current economic conditions and selected forecasts.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 21, 2008 Contents Current Economic Conditions Overview Monetary Policy Details GDP Labor Markets Inflation The U.S. Foreign Trade Deficit The U.S. Dollar Posture of...

Defense: FY2009 authorization and appropriations.
October 1, 2008... The annual consideration of appropriations bills (regular, continuing, and supplemental) by Congress is part of a complex set of budget processes that also encompasses the consideration of budget resolutions, revenue and debt-limit legislation,...

Most recent developments.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
October 1, 2008... On September 24, the House passed what was, in effect, a conference agreement on the FY2009 defense authorization bill (S. 3001) and what was, in effect, a conference agreement on the FY2009 continuing resolution (H.R. 2638) which incorporated...

Overview of the administration request.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
October 1, 2008... On February 4, 2008, the Administration released its federal budget request for FY2009 which included $606.8 billion in discretionary budget authority for national defense. (3) This included $515.4 billion for the so-called base budget of the...

Status of legislation.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
October 1, 2008... Congress began action on the annual defense authorization bill with the Senate Armed Services Committee approving its version (S. 3001) on April 30 and the Senate passing it September 17. The House Armed Services Committee marked up its version...

Is the budget too small? The 4% of GDP debate.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
October 1, 2008... Over the past few months, a number of senior military officers, as well as research groups and advocacy organizations, have been arguing that defense spending needs to be substantially higher in the next few years to avoid drastic cuts in major...

Potential issues in the FY2009 base budget request.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
October 1, 2008... Following is a brief summary of some of the other issues that may emerge during congressional action on the FY2009 defense authorization and appropriations bills, based on congressional action in prior years and early debate surrounding the...

War funding issues in the FY2009 DOD Bridge Fund.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
October 1, 2008... War Funding Issues in the FY2009 DOD Bridge Fund (29) To get a more complete picture of war funding, the John Warner FY2007 National Defense Authorization Act requires the Administration to request a full year's war cost in the February...

Bill-by-bill synopsis of Congressional action to date.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
October 1, 2008... Congressional Budget Resolution The Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2009 (S.Con.Res. 70), adopted by the Senate on June 4 and by the House on June 5, set an overall target for national defense budget authority of $612.5 billion....

Economic slowdown: issues and policies.(CRS Report for Congress)
October 1, 2008... Updated October 17, 2008 Contents The Current State of the Economy Is Additional Fiscal Stimulus Needed? Stimulus Proposals Enacted and Considered Tax Rebates Preliminary Evidence on the Rebates' Economic Effects ...