Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs articles from July 2008

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs archives from July 2008

Afghanistan: post-war governance, security, and U.S. Policy.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Background to recent developments.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
July 1, 2008... Prior to the founding of a monarchy in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, Afghanistan was territory inhabited by tribes and tribal confederations linked to neighboring nations, not a distinct entity. King Amanullah Khan (1919-1929) launched attacks...

Post-war stabilization and reconstruction.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
July 1, 2008... The war paved the way for the success of a decade-long U.N. effort to form a broad-based Afghan government; the United Nations was viewed as a credible mediator by all sides largely because of its role in ending the Soviet occupation. During...

Post-war security operations and force capacity building.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
July 1, 2008... The top security priority of the Administration has been to prevent Al Qaeda and the Taliban from challenging the Afghan government. The pillars of the U.S. security effort are (1) continuing combat operations by U.S. forces and a NATO-led...

Regional context.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
July 1, 2008... Although most of Afghanistan's neighbors believe that the fall of the Taliban has stabilized the region, some experts believe that some neighboring governments are attempting to manipulate Afghanistan's factions to their advantage, even...

U.S. and international aid to Afghanistan and development issues.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
July 1, 2008... Many experts believe that financial assistance and accelerating reconstruction would do more to improve the security situation than intensified anti-Taliban combat. Afghanistan's economy and society are still fragile after decades of warfare...

Residual issues from past conflicts.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
July 1, 2008... A few issues remain unresolved from Afghanistan's many years of conflict, such as Stinger retrieval and mine eradication. Stinger Retrieval. Beginning in late 1985 following internal debate, the Reagan Administration provided about 2,000...

Appendix A. U.S. and international sanctions lifted.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
July 1, 2008... Virtually all U.S. and international sanctions on Afghanistan, some imposed during the Soviet occupation era and others on the Taliban regime, have now been lifted. * On January 10, 2003, President Bush signed a proclamation making...

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act: an overview of selected issues.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Introduction Tension Between National Security and Civil Liberties Collection of Foreign Intelligence Information from Foreign Persons and United States Persons Located Abroad Legislative Response: Foreign...

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): legislative actions in the 110th Congress.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Background and Analysis Legislative History of the Refuge, 1957-2000 The Early Years The 1970s The 1980s From 1990 to 2000 Legislative History of the Refuge, 2001-2002 Legislative...

The Enron loophole.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Background In 2000, Congress passed the Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA, P.L. 106-554), whose central purpose was to set out the conditions under which derivative financial contracts--instruments like futures, options, or...

Global health: appropriations to USAID programs from FY2001 through FY2008.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... USAID Global Health Programs: FY2001-FY2003 Overall support for USAID's global health programs grew from $1.5 billion in FY2001 to $1.9 billion in FY2003 (Table 1). Support grew in FY2002 and FY2003 only for HIV/AIDS interventions,...

Speculation and energy prices: legislative responses.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Overview Legislative Proposals: Closing Loopholes The Enron Loophole The London Loophole The Swaps Loophole Other Legislative Approaches Raising Margins Increasing CFTC Resources...

Forest carbon markets: potential and drawbacks.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Forest Carbon Markets Compliance Offset Markets Kyoto Protocol European Union's Emission Trading Scheme Regional Initiatives in the United States Mandatory U.S. State Requirements...

U.S.-Iraq strategic framework and status of forces agreement: congressional response.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Introduction Action Taken by Congress Regarding the Iraq Agreements Enacted Legislation Funding Prohibition Concerning Legal Status of U.S. Forces in Iraq (P.L. 110-161) Proposed...

International HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: key changes to U.S. programs and funding.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Introduction PEPFAR: Implementation, Results, and Funding Implementation Structure OGAC and PEPFAR Countries Participating U.S. Agencies International Organizations and International Initiatives ...

The future role of U.S. trade policy: an overview.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... U.S. Integration With the World Economy Over the past several years, the United States has become increasingly integrated with the world economy. In 2007, the United States was the world's largest exporter (at $1.6 trillion) and largest...

Fannie Mae's and Freddie Mac's financial problems: frequently asked questions.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Why are Fannie Mae's and Freddie Mac's stock prices declining so much? Recent increases in the evaluation of the risks that the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac face in terms of future profitability and even continued financial viability may have...

Gasoline prices: causes of increases and congressional response.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Most Recent Developments Background and Analysis Legislative Activities Why Are Prices So High? Crude Oil Prices Gasoline Prices Policy Options Oil-Related Legislation Major Legislation ...

China's foreign policy: what does it mean for U.S. global interests?(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Background and Analysis PRC Diplomacy China's "New Security Concept" Framing the Debate on China's Growing Global Reach Lack of Transparency in Foreign Policy Decision Making Lack of Aid and Investment...

FY2009 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Policy Issues.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Tricare Fee Increases Tricare Reserve Select Fees Active Duty End Strengths * Military Pay Raise Use of Reserve Component Personnel to Respond to Certain Domestic Disorders Use of Reserve Component...

The global nuclear detection architecture: issues for Congress.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Introduction Domestic Nuclear Detection Office What is the Global Nuclear Detection Architecture? Layered Defense Methodology and Metrics for Evaluation Priority Setting Interagency Coordination ...

Department of Defense fuel costs in Iraq.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Background The Defense Energy Support Center (DESC), the primary agency responsible for procuring DOD's ground and air transportation fuels, buys bulk energy commodities and "resells" the fuel to various military customers--with a price...

Costs of major U.S. wars.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress has appropriated more than $800 billion for military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere around the world, including $65 billion to cover costs for the first few months of...

Intelligence reform at the Department of Energy: policy issues and organizational alternatives.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Introduction DOE Counterintelligence Critiques Critics Blame Weak Counterintelligence (CI) on Several Factors Fears That China Stole Nuclear Secrets Sparks CI Changes 1998 The Turning Point Congress...

Islamic finance: overview and policy concerns.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Background Islamic finance is based on shariah, an Arabic term that is often translated into "Islamic law." Shariah provides guidelines for aspects of Muslim life, including religion, politics, economics, banking, business, and law. (1)...

U.S. nuclear cooperation with India: issues for Congress.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Recent Developments Background Global Partnership Issues for Consideration Strategy vs. Tactics Impact on U.S. Nonproliferation Policies Iran Restricting Enrichment and...

The U.S. secret service: an examination and analysis of its evolving missions.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Introduction U.S. Secret Service Missions Investigations Protection Historical Overview of USSS Statutes Investigation Mission Protection Mission Policy Questions Missions ...

Iran's activities and influence in Iraq.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Background Iran's influence in Iraq affects the U.S. effort to stabilize Iraq and heightens U.S. concerns about Iran's nuclear program and regional ambitions. With the conventional military and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threat...

Iraq: post-Saddam governance and security.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Iraq has not previously had experience with a democratic form of government, although parliamentary elections were held during the period of British rule under a League of Nations mandate (from 1920 until Iraq's independence in 1932), and the...

Policy in the 1990s emphasized containment.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
July 1, 2008... Prior to the January 16, 1991, launch of Operation Desert Storm to reverse Iraq's August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, President George H.W. Bush called on the Iraqi people to overthrow Saddam. That Administration decided not to try to do so...

Post-September 11, 2001: regime change and war.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
July 1, 2008... Several senior Bush Administration officials had long been advocates of a regime change policy toward Iraq, but the difficulty of that strategy led the Bush Administration initially to continue its predecessor's containment policy. (11) Some...

Post-Saddam transition and governance.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
July 1, 2008... According to statements by the Administration, U.S. goals are for a unified, democratic, and federal Iraq that can sustain, govern, and defend itself and is an ally in the global war on terrorism. Administration officials have, for the most...

Security challenges and responses.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
July 1, 2008... Since the fall of Saddam Hussein, the United States has employed a multifaceted approach to stabilizing Iraq. In late 2006, the effort was determined by the Administration to be faltering due to continuing sectarian violence superimposed on a...

Iraq study group report, legislative proposals, and other options.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
July 1, 2008... In formulating the "troop surge" strategy announced on January 10, 2007, President Bush said he weighed the December 6, 2006, report of the Iraq Study Group, as well as input from several other reviews, including one directed by the Joint...

U.S. forces in Iraq.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Force Levels As of June 1, 2008, according to the Department of Defense (DOD), the United States had 182,060 military personnel deployed in Iraq. Of these, 150,400 were active component personnel and 31,660 were National Guard and...

U.S. forces in Afghanistan.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Force Levels As of June 1, 2008, according to the Department of Defense (DOD), the United States had 48,250 military personnel deployed in Afghanistan. Of these, 37,700 were active component personnel and 10,550 were National Guard and...

China naval modernization: implications for U.S. Navy capabilities--background and issues for Congress.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Introduction.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Issue for Congress Concern has grown in Congress and elsewhere since the 1990s about China's military modernization and its potential implications for required U.S. military capabilities. China's military modernization is an increasing...

Background.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
July 1, 2008... This section summarizes certain elements of China's military modernization that may have implications for required U.S. Navy capabilities. See Appendix B for additional details and commentary on several of these modernization activities. In...

Potential oversight issues for Congress.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Potential oversight questions for Congress arising from China's military modernization and its potential implications for required U.S. Navy capabilities can be organized into three groups: * questions relating to China's military...

Legislative activity.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
July 1, 2008... FY2009 FY2009 legislative activity for some of the issues covered in this report is covered in other CRS reports, as follows: * for the size of the fleet, see CRS Report RL32665, Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans:...

Appendix A. Examples of expressions of concern.(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
July 1, 2008... This appendix presents some examples since 2005 of expressions of concern about China's military modernization, and of its potential implications for U.S. Navy requirements. A May 2005 press report stated that: China is one of...

Appendix B. Additional details on China's naval modernization efforts (219).(China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities--Background and Issues for Congress)
July 1, 2008... This appendix presents additional details and commentary on several of the elements of China's military modernization discussed in the "Background" section of this report. Missiles. Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles (ASBMs). Regarding the...

Overview.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... Prior to 1996, foreign States were immune from civil liability in U.S. courts for injuries caused by acts of terrorism carried out by their agents and proxies. In 1996, Congress amended the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) (1) to allow...

Background on state immunity.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... Customary international law historically afforded sovereign States complete immunity from being sued in the courts of other States. In the words of Chief Justice Marshall, this immunity was rooted in the "perfect equality and absolute...

The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996: civil suits against terrorist states by victims of terrorism.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... In 1996 Congress added another exception to the FSIA to allow the U.S. courts, federal and state, to exercise jurisdiction over foreign States and their agencies and instrumentalities in civil suits by U.S. victims of terrorism. (12) The...

Early cases and efforts to satisfy judgments.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... Several suits were quickly filed against Cuba and Iran pursuant to the new provisions. Neither State recognized the jurisdiction of the U.S. courts in such suits, however; and both refused to appear in court to mount a defense. The FSIA...

The search for a cause of action: Cicippio-Puleo v. Iran.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... After Congress passed the Flatow Amendment in 1996, providing for a cause of action against foreign officials for terrorist conduct, the judge in the Flatow case held Iran itself liable under a theory of respondeat superior, and awarded...

Iran hostages case: Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... Judicial Proceedings In late 2000 a suit was filed in federal district court on behalf of the 52 embassy staffers who had been held hostage by Iran from 1979-81 and on behalf of their families. Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran (92)...

Iraq: lawsuits involving acts of Saddam Hussein regime.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... Confiscation of Blocked Assets for Reconstruction On March 20, 2003, immediately after the U.S. and its coalition partners initiated military action against Iraq, President Bush issued an executive order providing for the confiscation and...

Ministry of Defense (Iran) v. Elahi.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... Although Iran has not appeared in court to defend itself in any of the terrorism cases brought against it, it did nonetheless challenge a decision that allowed a judgment-holder to collect part of a judgment against Iran out of an award owed...

109th Congress: proposed legislation.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... In addition to the bills addressing the Acree decision, (H.R. 1321 and H.Con.Res. 93, discussed supra) and one bill to provide compensation in the Roeder case (H.R. 3358), two other bills in the 109th Congress were introduced in an effort to...

110th Congress.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... The National Defense Authorization Act for FY2008, [section] 1083 The Justice for Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Act, S. 1944, was passed by the Senate as Section 1087 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008...

Suits against the United States for "terrorist" Acts.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... At least two of the States affected by the FSIA exception appear to have enacted legislation allowing their citizens to file suit against the United States for violations of human rights or interference in the countries' internal affairs....

Conclusion.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... The 1996 amendments to the FSIA allowing victims of terrorism to sue designated foreign States for damages in U.S. courts were enacted with broad political support in Congress. But subsequent difficulties in obtaining payment of the...

Appendix A. Judgments against terrorist states.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... Table A-1. Judgments Against Terrorist States Covered by VTVPA [section] 2002 (P.L. 106-386) Compensatory Punitive Judgment Damages Damages ...

Appendix B. Assets of terrorist states.(Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism)
July 1, 2008... Table B-1. Amount of Assets of Terrorist States Blocked Non-blocked Outstanding Assets in Assets in Damages in State millions of millions of millions of ...

Presidential advisers' testimony before congressional committees: an overview.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Executive Office of the President Presidential Adviser Growth Presidential Adviser Testimony Presidential Adviser Testimony Refused Why Presidential Advisers Do Not Regularly Testify Before Committees Congress's Right to...

Financing issues and economic effects of American wars.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents The Economics of War Financing Borrowing from the Public Money Creation Use of Price Controls Equity Issues Interpreting Results World War II Korean Conflict Vietnam Conflict Reagan Military...

Cuba: U.S. restrictions on travel and remittances.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Most Recent Developments Background to Travel Restrictions Chronology of Cuba Travel Restrictions Current Permissible Travel to Cuba Current Restrictions on Remittances Reaction to the June 2004 Tightening...

Panama: political and economic conditions and U.S. relations.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Most Recent Developments Political Conditions From the Endara to the Moscoso Administration Endara Government (1989-1994) Perez Balladares Government (1994-1999) Moscoso Government (1999-2004)...

North Korea: terrorism list removal?(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents President Bush's Announcement of North Korea's Delisting Background U.S.-North Korean Negotiations U.S. Responses: The Clinton Administration in 2000 U.S. Responses: The Bush Administration in...

U.S.-Latin America trade: recent trends.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Developments in U.S.-Latin American Trade Trade is one of the more enduring issues in contemporary U.S.-Latin America relations. Although not the largest, Latin America is the fastest growing U.S. regional trade partner, with the...

Tajikistan: recent developments and U.S. interests.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... U.S. Policy According to the Administration, U.S. aid for border security, counter-narcotics control, democratization, health, education, and economic growth is key to improving Tajikistan's role as a bulwark against the regional threats...

Foreign science and engineering presence in U.S. institutions and the labor force.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Foreign Students in U.S. Institutions Participation Rates in Science and Engineering Support of Foreign Students in Graduate School Perceived Benefits and Problems Foreign Scientists and Engineers in the U.S. Labor Force...

Introduction.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
July 1, 2008... Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States has initiated three military operations: * Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) covering Afghanistan and other Global War on Terror (GWOT) operations ranging from the...

Potential war cost issues for the 110th Congress.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
July 1, 2008... This report is designed to answer the frequently asked questions below as well as to address some of the major war cost issues likely to be faced in the 110th Congress. Potential issues include: * How much has Congress appropriated in...

War cost estimates through enactment of the FY2008/FY2009 bridge.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
July 1, 2008... CRS has estimated the allocation of all DOD budget authority (BA) by the three operations--Iraq, Afghanistan, and enhanced security--because DOD has not done so. Although DOD has reported the total amount appropriated for the Global War on...

Trends in war funding.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
July 1, 2008... The total cost for all three operations--Iraq, Afghanistan, and other GWOT and enhanced security--has risen steeply since the 9/11 attacks primarily because of higher DOD spending in Iraq. Annual war appropriations more than doubled from...

War cost issues for the 110th Congress.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
July 1, 2008... The following sections discuss several war cost issues that may arise during consideration of DOD's pending FY2008 Supplemental War Request of some $101 billion including: * How long the Army can operate before passage of the FY2008...

Problems in war cost estimates and reporting.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
July 1, 2008... GAO, CBO and CRS have all testified to Congress about the limited transparency in DOD' war cost estimating and reporting. (93) While DOD has provided considerably more justification material for its war cost requests beginning with the FY2007...

Appendix. DOD tools to extend financing war cost.(The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11)
July 1, 2008... Based on an analysis of past obligations, current funding and DOD authorities, CRS estimates that DOD could continue to finance war costs for an additional one to two months by using currently available tools such as transfer authority to...

China's "hot money" problems.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Economic conditions in China are of considerable concern to U.S. policymakers, given the potential impact of China's economy on the global and U.S. economy. The recent large inflow of financial capital into China, commonly referred to as "hot...

Campaign finance law and the constitutionality of the "Millionaire's Amendment": an analysis of Davis v. Federal Election Commission.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Background Section 319(a) (1) of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), (2) also known as the McCain-Feingold law, establishes increased contribution limits for House candidates whose opponents significantly self-finance...

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA).(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Introduction Background Human Genome Research Concerns About the Use of Genetic Information Federal Law Relating to Genetic Discrimination Prior to GINA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability ...

The depreciating dollar: economic effects and policy response.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents The Recent Behavior of the Dollar The Forces Moving the Dollar Determinants of the Size and Direction of Cross-Border Asset Flows Rate of Return Investor Expectations about the Future Path of the Dollar Need...

Advanced nuclear power and fuel cycle technologies: outlook and policy options.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Nuclear Technology Overview DOE Advanced Nuclear Programs Global Nuclear Energy Partnership History Current Program Funding Generation IV Time Lines and Options Industry Studies ...

Primer on energy derivatives and their regulation.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Derivative financial contracts gain or lose value as the price of some underlying commodity, financial indicator, or other variable changes. In essence, traders promise to buy or sell a commodity in the future at today's price. The terms of...

Russian political, economic, and security issues and U.S. interests.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Contents Most Recent Developments Post-Soviet Russia and Its Significance for the United States Political Developments Chechnya Economic Developments Economic Reform Foreign Policy Russia and the West...

Enemy combatant detainees: habeas corpus challenges in federal court.(CRS Report for Congress)
July 1, 2008... Jennifer K. Elsea, Michael John Garcia, and Kenneth R. Thomas Legislative Attorneys American Law Division

Introduction.(Enemy Combatant Detainees: Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court)
July 1, 2008... In the 2004 case Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, (1) a divided Supreme Court declared that "a state of war is not a blank check for the president" and ruled that persons deemed "enemy combatants" have the right to challenge their detention before a judge...

Background.(Enemy Combatant Detainees: Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court)
July 1, 2008... The White House determined in February 2002 that Taliban detainees are covered under the Geneva Conventions, (12) while Al Qaeda detainees are not, (13) but that none of the detainees qualifies for the status of prisoner of war (POW). (14)...

Court challenges to the detention policy.(Enemy Combatant Detainees: Habeas Corpus Challenges in Federal Court)
July 1, 2008... While the Supreme Court clarified in Rasul and Boumediene that the detainees have recourse to federal courts to challenge their detention, the extent to which they may enforce any rights they may have under the Geneva Conventions and other...