Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs articles from December 2006

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs archives from December 2006

Iran: U.S. concerns and policy responses.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Updated December 4, 2006 Summary According to the Administration's "National Security Strategy" document released on March 16, 2006, the United States "may face no greater challenge from a single country than Iran." That perception,...

Immigration legislation and issues in the 109th Congress.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 7, 2006 Summary Security concerns have figured prominently in the development of and debate on immigration legislation in the 109th Congress. In May 2005, the REAL ID Act became law as Division B of P.L. 109-13. It...

9/11 Commission recommendations: implementation status.(Brief article)
December 1, 2006... December 4, 2006 Summary This report provides a review of the 9/11 Commission recommendations and the status of their implementation at the end of the 109th Congress. The discussions herein are organized on the basis of policy themes...

Introduction.(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Brief article)
December 1, 2006... This report provides a review of the 9/11 Commission recommendations and the status of their implementation at the end of the 109th Congress. It is intended to provide a structured road map to this end. The discussions herein are organized on...

Strengthening the intelligence function (1).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission concluded that the organization of the U.S. Intelligence Community had contributed to a failure to develop a management strategy to counter Islamic terrorism. The Commission...

Intelligence oversight: congressional options (2).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission stated that congressional oversight for intelligence and counter-terrorism is "dysfunctional." Commission members suggested two basic alternatives for strengthening and improving...

Improving transitions between administrations (4).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission Report (5) included a general recommendation that appointments to key national security positions at the time of presidential transitions occur more quickly. The goal of the 9/11...

Afghanistan and terrorism (23).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission Report (p. 370) praised the U.S. efforts in Afghanistan to that date, but emphasized the need for a sustained, long-term commitment by the United States and the international...

Pakistan and terrorism (26).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission Report emphasizes that the mounting of large-scale international terrorist attacks appears to require sanctuaries in which terrorist groups can plan and operate with impunity. In...

Saudi Arabia and terrorism (29).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The September 11, 2001 attacks kindled criticism within the United States of alleged official Saudi involvement in terrorism or of Saudi laxity in acting against terrorist groups. Some critics believe...

Terrorism: its global dimensions (33): (denying sanctuary and building a coalition). (9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status).(Brief article)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission Report emphasizes the global nature of the terrorist threat. It is portrayed as a threat that is motivated by religion. It is a threat consisting of a stateless network of...

Islam and U.S. policy (34).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, many experts have stated that the fight against terrorism cannot be won using force alone; it must be accompanied by long term policies that address...

Terrorism: U.S. policy instruments (36).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The report of the 9/11 Commission underlined the importance for the United States of using the full range of policy instruments at its disposal to attack terrorists and their organizations and prevent...

Terrorist financing (38).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9-11 Commission report) sought to refocus the policy debate concerning terrorist financing. The Commission...

U.S. military forces and the war on terrorism (51).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations Recommendation 32 of the 9/11 Commission Report states that "the lead responsibility for directing and executing paramilitary operations, whether clandestine or covert, should shift to the Defense...

Weapons of mass destruction: proliferation security and threat reduction (56).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations In view of intelligence assessments that al-Qaeda has been seeking to acquire weapons of mass destruction for several years, the 9/11 Commission concluded that WMD nonproliferation efforts should be...

Border security and immigration (59).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)
December 1, 2006... Terrorist Travel Commission Concerns and Recommendations. The 9/11 Commission issued several recommendations that directly pertain to immigration law and policy. These recommendations focused primarily on targeting terrorist travel through...

Transportation security.(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Aviation Security (91) Commission Concerns and Recommendations. (92) The 9/11 Commission expressed concerns over air cargo security, the security of general aviation aircraft, screening of airline passengers and baggage, and access...

Critical infrastructure security (109).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission expressed its concerns and recommendations regarding critical infrastructure security in three primary areas: transportation security, allocation of assistance to states and...

Emergency preparedness and response and the 9/11 Commission (112).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Statusd)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission report presented distinct descriptions of the emergency response actions taken in New York City and at the Pentagon after the attacks. The report described operational...

Department of Defense and the 9/11 Commission (123).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations Aside from ongoing anti-terrorist military operations (see U.S. Military Forces and the War on Terrorism), the 9/11 Commission's attention to the Department of Defense was limited to its...

Homeland security oversight: congressional options (125).(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Commission Concerns and Recommendations The 9/11 Commission proposed that the House and Senate should each have a single authorizing committee responsible for homeland security, as well as one appropriating subcommittee for homeland...

Civil liberties and government information policies and practices.(9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Driver's Licenses, Personal Identification Cards, Birth Certificates, and Social Security Numbers (126) Commission Concerns and Recommendations. The 9/11 Commission's final report recommended that "the federal government should set...

Europe's new trade agenda.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Summary Soon after the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations came to a standstill in July 2006, the European Union (EU) announced its intention to enter into more bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs). While the EU...

The congressional appropriations process: an introduction.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Updated December 8, 2006 Summary Congress annually considers 11 or more appropriations measures, which provide funding for numerous activities, for example, national defense, education, homeland security, and crime. These measures also...

North Korea's nuclear test: motivations, implications, and U.S. options.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 12, 2006 Summary On October 9, 2006, North Korea announced it conducted a nuclear test. After several days of evaluation, U.S. authorities confirmed that the underground explosion was nuclear, but that the test...

Foreign affairs, defense, and trade: key issues for the 110th Congress.(Report)
December 1, 2006... December 20, 2006 Summary The 110th Congress will face a number of pressing foreign affairs, defense, and trade issues in the opening days of its tenure. This report identifies major issues most likely to be on the legislative agenda,...

Issues of continuity and change in foreign, security, and trade policy.(Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade: Key Issues for the 110th Congress)(Report)
December 1, 2006... [William H. Cooper, Specialist in International Trade (7-7749) Stephen Daggett, Specialist in National Defense (7-7642) Stuart D. Goldman, Specialist in Russian and Eurasian Affairs (7-7685)] A number of challenging issues in...

Policy priorities.(Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade: Key Issues for the 110th Congress)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Iraq and Afghanistan Overview [Kenneth Katzman, Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs (7-7612)] Current U.S. political and military engagements in both Afghanistan and Iraq are products of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United...

Foreign Affairs.(Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade: Key Issues for the 110th Congress)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Global Issues Overview. [Dianne E. Rennack, Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation, (7-7608)] The 110th Congress inherits from its predecessor a great amount of uncompleted work, primarily in the form of unfinished annual appropriations...

Defense and security.(Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade: Key Issues for the 110th Congress)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Overview: Defense Strategy and Military Force Planning [Pat Towell, Specialist in the U.S. Defense Budget (7-2122)] One way for Congress to assess current U.S. defense strategy and force planning would be to review the...

International trade and finance.(Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade: Key Issues for the 110th Congress)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Overview [William H. Cooper, Specialist in International Trade and Finance, (7-7749)] Trade issues have become increasingly controversial in Congress during the last few years. This is likely to continue to be the case during the...

U.S. immigration policy on permanent admissions.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 13, 2006 Summary When President George W. Bush announced his principles for immigration reform in January 2004, he included an increase in permanent immigration as a key component. President Bush has stated that...

Immigration consequences of criminal activity.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Updated December 12, 2006 Summary Congress has broad plenary authority to determine classes of aliens who may be admitted into the United States and the grounds for which they may be removed. Pursuant to the Immigration and Nationality...

Immigration: policy considerations related to guest worker programs.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 11, 2006 Summary At present, the United States has two main programs for temporarily importing low-skilled workers, sometimes referred to as guest workers. Agricultural guest workers enter through the H-2A visa...

Iran's influence in Iraq.
December 1, 2006... Summary Iran's influence over the post-Saddam government in Iraq is substantial because the dominant parties in that government have long-standing ties to Tehran. A key concern is that Iran is extending support for related militias in Iraq...

Agricultural issues in the 110th Congress.
December 1, 2006... Summary A number of issues of interest to U.S. agriculture are expected to be addressed by the 110th Congress. At the top of the agenda, Congress will be considering the unfinished business of FY2007 funding levels for U.S. Department of...

Trade Promotion Authority (TPA): issues, options, and prospects for renewal.
December 1, 2006... December 5, 2006 Summary On July 1, 2007, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA--formerly fast track) is set to expire, and with it a special authority that Congress grants to the President to negotiate certain trade agreements and to have...

USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: a legal analysis.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 21, 2006 Summary Several sections of the USA PATRIOT Act and one section of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 were originally scheduled to expire on December 31, 2005. In July 2005, both...

Introduction.(USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis)(Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act)
December 1, 2006... By operation of section 224 of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act) of 2001, (1) several of the USA PATRIOT Act's amendments to the Foreign...

Title I: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act.(USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis)
December 1, 2006... Title I is in many ways the heart of the Act. It makes permanent most of the USA PATRIOT Act sections that were scheduled to expire. To several, like section 215, it adds substantive changes such as civil liberties safeguards. It addresses...

Title II: terrorist death penalty enhancement Act of 2005.(USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis)
December 1, 2006... Title II of the Act makes several adjustments in federal death penalty law, which concern air piracy cases arising before 1994, a redundant procedural mechanism in federal capital drug cases, supervised release for terrorism offenses, and a...

Title III: reducing crime and terrorism at America's seaports act of 2005.(USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis)(Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002)
December 1, 2006... Title III of the Act, among other things, creates more severe criminal penalties concerning criminal and terrorist activities committed at U.S. seaports or aboard vessels. Seaport Entry by False Pretenses. The Maritime Transportation...

Title IV: combating terrorism financing act of 2005.(USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis)
December 1, 2006... Title IV of the Act strengthens penalties for money laundering, particularly related to financing terrorism, and makes changes to forfeiture authority. There is also a provision that might be construed to permit pre-trial asset freezes in...

Title V: miscellaneous provisions.(USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Title V of the Act contains miscellaneous provisions added in conference and not previously included in either the House or Senate version of H.R. 3199, some of which--like the habeas amendments in the case of state death row inmates, or the...

Title VI: Secret Service authorization and technical modification act of 2005.(USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis)(Report)
December 1, 2006... The Secret Service provisions of the Act were added to H.R. 3199 during conference. They have several intriguing aspects although the constitutional reach of two provisions may be somewhat limited. Protection of the President and Certain...

Title VII: combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005.(USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005: A Legal Analysis)
December 1, 2006... Title VII of the Act contains subtitles concerning regulation of domestic and international commerce in three methamphetamine (meth) precursor chemicals: ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine (EPP); increased penalties for...

FCC media ownership rules: current status and issues for Congress.(Federal Communications Commission)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Updated December 13, 2006 Summary On June 2, 2003, the Federal Communications Commission modified five of its media ownership rules, easing restrictions on the ownership of multiple television stations (nationally and in local markets)...

Homeland security: Coast Guard operations--background and issues for Congress.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Summary The Coast Guard is the lead federal agency for maritime homeland security. For FY2007, the Coast Guard requested a total of about $4.5 billion for missions defined in The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-296) as the Coast...

Iraq: elections, constitution, and government.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Summary Elections in 2005 for a transition government (January 30, 2005), a permanent constitution (October 15), and a permanent (four year) government (December 15) produced a Shiite-led but broad-based constitutional government...

U.S. nuclear cooperation with India: issues for Congress.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Updated December 22, 2006 Summary On July 18, 2005, President Bush announced he would "work to achieve full civil nuclear energy cooperation with India" and would "also seek agreement from Congress to adjust U.S. laws and policies,"...

India's nuclear separation plan: issues and views.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 22, 2006 Summary On July 18, 2005, President Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced the creation of a "global partnership," which would include "full" civil nuclear cooperation between the United...

U.S.-India nuclear cooperation: a side-by-side comparison of current legislation.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 22, 2006 Summary In March 2006, the Bush Administration proposed legislation to create an exception for India from certain provisions of the Atomic Energy Act to facilitate a future nuclear cooperation agreement. After...

Border security: barriers along the U.S. international border.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 12, 2006 Summary Congress has been considering expanding the barriers currently deployed along the U.S. international land border. Currently, the United States Border Patrol (USBP) deploys fencing, which aims to impede...

Iraq: post-Saddam governance and security.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 28, 2006 Summary Operation Iraqi Freedom overthrew Saddam Hussein's regime, but Iraq remains unstable because of Sunni Arab resentment and a related insurgency, compounded by Sunni-Shiite violence that some believe has...

Policy in the 1990s emphasized containment.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
December 1, 2006... Prior to the January 16, 1991, launch of Operation Desert Storm to reverse Iraq's August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, President George H.W. Bush called on the Iraqi people to overthrow Saddam. That Administration decided not to militarily overthrow...

Post-September 11, 2001: regime change and war.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
December 1, 2006... Several senior Bush Administration officials had long been advocates of a regime change policy toward Iraq, but the difficulty of that strategy led the Bush Administration initially to continue its predecessor's emphasis on containment. (12)...

Post-Saddam governance and transition.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)(Saddam Hussein)
December 1, 2006... According to the Bush Administration's November 30, 2005, "Strategy for Victory," the U.S. long-term goal is to enable Iraq to be stable, unified, and democratic, able to provide for its own security, a partner in the global war on terrorism,...

Security challenges, responses, and options.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
December 1, 2006... Since the fall of Saddam Hussein, the United States has employed a multifaceted approach to stabilizing Iraq. However, at a news conference on October 11, 2006, and in subsequent speeches, President Bush has said that U.S. strategy in Iraq...

Iraq study group report and other options.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
December 1, 2006... President Bush, Congress, and observers are debating U.S. policy in Iraq amid widespread concurrence, including from President Bush, that progress in Iraq is unsatisfactory. In his December 5, 2006, confirmation hearings, Defense Secretary...

Iran's nuclear program: recent developments.
December 1, 2006... Summary International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections since 2003 have revealed two decades' worth of undeclared nuclear activities in Iran, including uranium enrichment and plutonium separation efforts. Iran agreed in 2003 to...

U.S. foreign aid to the Palestinians.
December 1, 2006... Summary Since the formation of a Hamas-led Palestinian Authority (PA) government in March 2006, the Bush Administration has suspended direct and indirect foreign assistance to the PA, although humanitarian and other aid to the Palestinian...

The WTO, intellectual property rights, and the access to medicines controversy.(trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights )
December 1, 2006... Updated December 12, 2006 Summary In August 2003, the World Trade Organization (WTO) reached an agreement on the use of compulsory licenses by developing countries without manufacturing capacity to access life-sustaining medicines....

Foreign students in the United States: policies and legislation.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 8, 2006 Summary Five years after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks by foreign nationals--including several terrorists on students visas--the security concerns over foreign student visas are being weighed...

China and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and missiles: policy issues.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 11, 2006 Summary Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the national interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass...

Purpose and scope.(China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues)
December 1, 2006... Congress has long been concerned about whether U.S. policy advances the U.S. interest in reducing the role of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and missiles and obtaining China's...

PRC proliferation challenges.(China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Partial Nonproliferation Commitments Since 1991, Beijing has taken steps to address U.S. and other countries' concerns by increasing its partial participation in international nonproliferation regimes and issuing export control...

Policy issues and options.(China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Policy Issues)
December 1, 2006... Issues for Policy Weapons proliferation by the PRC and/or its organizations raises policy issues concerning: (1) assessments of the nature and seriousness of the PRC government's role in the proliferation threat; (2) the priority of this...

Cuba: issues for the 109th Congress.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 19, 2006 Summary Since the early 1960s, U.S. policy toward Cuba under Fidel Castro has consisted largely of isolating the communist nation through comprehensive economic sanctions, which have been significantly...

Major developments.(Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress)(Guillermo Farinas Hernandez receives Cyber Dissident award)(Hector Palacios released)(Government Accountability Office issues report of democracy assistance)(Chronology)
December 1, 2006... On December 18, 2006, a private U.S. commercial television station in Florida began broadcasting some TV Marti programs on a daily basis. The Office of Cuba Broadcasting of the Broadcasting Board of Governors also contracted with a commercial...

Political conditions.(Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress)
December 1, 2006... Politically Cuba remains a hard-line communist state. Until he recently stepped down temporarily while recuperating from surgery, Fidel Castro ruled as head of state and government since the 1959 Cuban Revolution, which ousted the corrupt...

Economic conditions (8).(Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress)
December 1, 2006... With the cutoff of assistance from the former Soviet Union, Cuba experienced severe economic deterioration from 1989-1993, with estimates of economic decline ranging from 35-50%, but there has been considerable improvement since 1994. From...

U.S. policy toward Cuba.(Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress)(Report)
December 1, 2006... In the early 1960s, U.S.-Cuban relations deteriorated sharply when Fidel Castro began to build a repressive communist dictatorship and moved his country toward close relations with the Soviet Union. The often tense and hostile nature of the...

Issues in U.S.-Cuban relations.(Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress)(Report)
December 1, 2006... Debate on the Overall Direction of U.S. Policy Over the years, although U.S. policymakers have agreed on the overall objective of U.S. policy toward Cuba--to help bring democracy and respect for human rights to the island--there have been...

Legislation approved in the 108th Congress.(Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress)
December 1, 2006... For a complete listing of legislative initiatives on Cuba in the 108th Congress, see CRS Report RL31740, Cuba: Issues for the 108th Congress, by Mark P. Sullivan. Appropriations Measures P.L. 108-447 (H.R. 4818), Consolidated...

Legislative initiatives in the 109th Congress.(Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress)
December 1, 2006... Human Rights and Democracy P.L. 109-102 (H.R. 3057). FY2006 Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs. Reported by House Committee on Appropriations June 24, 2005 (H.Rept. 109-152). House approved (393-32) June 29, 2005....

For additional reading.(Cuba: Issues for the 109th Congress)
December 1, 2006... CRS Report RL33551, Transportation, the Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, the Executive Office of the President and Independent Agencies (TTHUD): FY2007 Appropriations, coordinated by David...

International crises and disasters: U.S. humanitarian assistance, budget trends, and issues for Congress.(Report)
December 1, 2006... December 21, 2006 Summary Humanitarian emergencies can emerge anywhere in the world, stemming from natural disasters or man-made conflicts. U.S. and international humanitarian assistance can have an important impact not only on the...

Regulation of broadcast indecency: background and legal analysis.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 21, 2006 Summary Two prominent television events placed increased attention on the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the broadcast indecency statute that it enforces. The airing of an expletive by Bono during...

Islam: Sunnis and Shiites.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Summary The majority of the world's Muslim population follows the Sunni branch of Islam, and approximately 10-15% of all Muslims follow the Shiite (Shi'ite, Shi'a, Shia) branch. Shiite populations constitute a majority in Iran, Iraq,...

U.S. trade deficit and the impact of rising oil prices.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Summary Petroleum prices have risen sharply since early 2005. At the same time the average amount of imports of energy-related petroleum products has fallen slightly. The combination of sharply rising prices and a slightly lower level of...

U.S. international trade: trends and forecasts.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Updated December 14, 2006 Summary This report provides an overview of the current status, trends, and forecasts for U.S. international trade. The purpose of this report is to provide current data and brief explanations for the various...

U.S. international HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria spending: FY2004-FY2007.(Report)
December 1, 2006... Updated December 28, 2006 Summary On January 28, 2003, during his State of the Union Address, President George Bush proposed that the United States spend $15 billion over five years to combat HIV/AIDS through the President's Emergency...

U.S. foreign assistance to the Middle East: historical background, recent trends, and the FY2007 request.
December 1, 2006... Updated December 21, 2006 Summary This report is an overview of U.S. foreign assistance to the Middle East from FY2002 to FY2006, and of the FY2007 budget request. It includes a brief history of aid to the region, a review of foreign...