Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs articles from August 2008

Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports and Issue Briefs archives from August 2008

Energy: selected facts and numbers.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 8, 2008 Contents Introduction Oil Petroleum Consumption, Supply, and Imports Petroleum and Transportation Petroleum Prices: Historical Trends Gasoline Taxes Electricity Other Conventional...

Iraq: reconciliation and benchmarks.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... Elections and Constitutional Referendum in 2005 After about one year of occupation, the United States handed sovereignty to an appointed Iraqi government on June 28, 2004. In line with a March 8, 2004, "Transitional Administrative Law"...

Afghanistan: post-war governance, security, and U.S. policy.(CRS Report for Congress)(Author abstract)
August 1, 2008... Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Background to recent developments.(Afghanistan: Post-war Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
August 1, 2008... Prior to the founding of a monarchy in 1747 by Ahmad Shah Durrani, Afghanistan was territory inhabited by tribes and tribal confederations linked to neighboring nations, not a distinct entity. King Amanullah Khan (1919-1929) launched attacks on...

Post-war stabilization and reconstruction.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
August 1, 2008... The war paved the way for the success of a decade-long U.N. effort to form a broad-based Afghan government; the United Nations was viewed as a credible mediator by all sides largely because of its role in ending the Soviet occupation. During...

Post-war security operations and force capacity building.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
August 1, 2008... The top security priority of the Administration has been to prevent Al Qaeda and the Taliban from challenging the Afghan government. The pillars of the U.S. security effort are (1) continuing combat operations by U.S. forces and a NATO-led...

Regional context.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
August 1, 2008... Although most of Afghanistan's neighbors believe that the fall of the Taliban has stabilized the region, some experts believe that some neighboring governments are attempting to manipulate Afghanistan's factions to their advantage, even though...

U.S. and international aid to Afghanistan and development issues.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)
August 1, 2008... Many experts believe that financial assistance and accelerating reconstruction would do more to improve the security situation than intensified anti-Taliban combat. Afghanistan's economy and society are still fragile after decades of warfare...

Residual issues from past conflicts.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)(land mine eradication)(Brief article)
August 1, 2008... A few issues remain unresolved from Afghanistan's many years of conflict, such as Stinger retrieval and mine eradication. Stinger Retrieval. Beginning in late 1985 following internal debate, the Reagan Administration provided about 2,000...

Appendix A. U.S. and international sanctions lifted.(Afghanistan: Post-War Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Virtually all U.S. and international sanctions on Afghanistan, some imposed during the Soviet occupation era and others on the Taliban regime, have now been lifted. * On January 10, 2003, President Bush signed a proclamation making...

Iraq: post-Saddam governance and security.(CRS Report for Congress)(Saddam Hussein)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 12, 2008 Iraq has not previously had experience with a democratic form of government, although parliamentary elections were held during the period of British rule under a League of Nations mandate (from 1920 until Iraq's...

Policy in the 1990s emphasized containment.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)(Critical essay)
August 1, 2008... Prior to the January 16, 1991, launch of Operation Desert Storm to reverse Iraq's August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, President George H.W. Bush called on the Iraqi people to overthrow Saddam. That Administration decided not to try to do so...

Post-September 11, 2001: regime change and war.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)(Critical essay)
August 1, 2008... Several senior Bush Administration officials had long been advocates of a regime change policy toward Iraq, but the difficulty of that strategy led the Bush Administration initially to continue its predecessor's containment policy. (11) Some...

Post-Saddam transition and governance.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)(Saddam Hussein)(Report)
August 1, 2008... According to statements by the Administration, U.S. goals are for a unified, democratic, and federal Iraq that can sustain, govern, and defend itself and is an ally in the global war on terrorism. Administration officials have, for the most...

Security challenges and responses.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Since the fall of Saddam Hussein, the United States has employed a multifaceted approach to stabilizing Iraq. In late 2006, the effort was determined by the Administration to be faltering due to continuing sectarian violence superimposed on a...

Iraq study group report, legislative proposals, and other options.(Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security)
August 1, 2008... In formulating the "troop surge" strategy announced on January 10, 2007, President Bush said he weighed the December 6, 2006, report of the Iraq Study Group, as well as input from several other reviews, including one directed by the Joint...

Nuclear cooperation with other countries: a primer.(international law on nuclear weapons)
August 1, 2008... What Is a "Section 123" Agreement? Under existing law (Atomic Energy Act [AEA] of 1954; P.L. 95-242; 42 U.S.C. [section] 2153 et seq.) (1) all significant U.S. nuclear cooperation with other countries requires a peaceful nuclear cooperation...

U.S.-China counterterrorism cooperation: issues for U.S. policy.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... August 6, 2008 Contents Aftermath of the 9/11 Attacks Policy Analysis Options and Implications for U.S. Policy Summits and "Strategic" Ties Law-Enforcement Cooperation Uighur People and "Terrorist" Organizations ...

Stability in Russia's Chechnya and other regions of the North Caucasus: recent developments.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... August 12, 2008 Contents Introduction Recent Developments in the North Caucasus Chechnya Ingushetia Dagestan Other Areas of the North Caucasus Contributions to Instability Implications for Russia...

Iran's activities and influence in Iraq.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 22, 2008 Background Iran's influence in Iraq has hindered, but not derailed, U.S. efforts to stabilize Iraq, and has heightened the U.S. threat perception of Iran more generally. With the conventional military and...

Pakistan-U.S. relations.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 25, 2008 K. Alan Kronstadt Specialist in South Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Introduction.(Pakistan-U.S. Relations)
August 1, 2008... A stable, democratic, prosperous Pakistan actively working to counter Islamist militancy is considered vital to U.S. interests. Current top-tier U.S. concerns regarding Pakistan include regional and global terrorism; Afghan stability; domestic...

Key current issues.(Pakistan-U.S. Relations)
August 1, 2008... Pakistan's worsening economic conditions, unstable political setting, and perilous security circumstances make the job of U.S. decision makers difficult. On the economic front, the newly elected civilian government in Islamabad faces crises...

Setting and regional relations.(Pakistan-U.S. Relations)
August 1, 2008... Historical Setting The long and checkered Pakistan-U.S. relationship has its roots in the Cold War and South Asia regional politics of the 1950s. U.S. concerns about Soviet expansionism and Pakistan's desire for security assistance against...

Pakistan-U.S. relations and key country issues.(Pakistan-U.S. Relations)
August 1, 2008... U.S. policy interests in Pakistan encompass a wide range of issues, including counterterrorism, nuclear weapons and missile proliferation, South Asian and Afghan stability, democratization and human rights, trade and economic reform, and...

India-U.S. relations.(CRS Report for Congress)(Author abstract)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 12, 2008 K. Alan Kronstadt Specialist in South Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Introduction.(India-U.S. Relations)
August 1, 2008... Long considered a "strategic backwater" from Washington's perspective, South Asia has emerged in the 21st century as increasingly vital to core U.S. foreign policy interests. India, the region's dominant actor with more than one billion...

Key current issues and developments.(India-U.S. Relations)(nuclear cooperation)(Report)
August 1, 2008... U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Cooperation (2) Plans to initiate U.S.-India civil nuclear cooperation were long hampered by domestic political resistance in India, but are again underway in mid-2008. In a major policy shift by the United States,...

Context of the U.S.-India relationship.(India-U.S. Relations)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Background U.S. and congressional interests in India cover a wide spectrum of issues, ranging from the militarized dispute with Pakistan and weapons proliferation to concerns about regional security, terrorism, human rights, health,...

Bilateral issues.(India-U.S. Relations)
August 1, 2008... "Next Steps in Strategic Partnership" and Beyond The now-concluded Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP) initiative encompassed several major issues in U.S.-India relations. New Delhi has long pressed Washington to ease restrictions on...

U.S. trade deficit and the impact of rising oil prices.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 12, 2008 Background According to data published by the Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce, (1) the prices of petroleum products over the past year have risen sharply, generally rising considerably faster than...

Foreign direct investment in the United States: an economic analysis.(CRS Report for Congress)(Statistical data)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 15, 2008 Recent Investments Foreigners invested $237 billion in U.S. businesses and real estate in 2007, according to data published by the Department of Commerce. (2) As Figure 1 shows, this represents a slight decrease...

Monetary policy and the federal reserve: current policy and conditions.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 22, 2008. Contents Introduction What is Monetary Policy? Is Monetary Policy Important? Monetary vs. Fiscal Policy Short Run vs. Longer Run Indicators of Monetary Policy Money Supply...

World Trade Organization negotiations: the Doha Development Agenda.(CRS Report for Congress)(Conference notes)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 18, 2008 Contents Background What Began at Doha? Progress of the Negotiations: The Search for Modalities The Cancun Ministerial The WTO Framework Agreement The Hong Kong Ministerial ...

Al Qaeda in Iraq: assessment and outside links.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 15, 2008 Contents Background on Saddam--Al Qaeda Links Major Themes in the Administration Argument Links in Sudan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan Ansar al-Islam Presence in Northern Iraq The...

Defense contracting in Iraq: issues and options for Congress.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 15, 2008 Contents Introduction Purpose and Scope Air Force Contract Augmentation Program Logistics Civil Augmentation Program LOGCAP Contracts (1992-2007) LOGCAP IV Contract Awards The...

United Nations system efforts to address violence against women.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 12, 2008 Contents Current Status Issues for Congress Priorities and Resource Allocation Funding U.N. Anti-VAW Efforts United States Anti-VAW Activities in U.N. Fora U.N. Definition of Violence...

Iraq: U.S. casualties.(CRS Report for Congress)(Table)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 28, 2008 Susan G. Chesser Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Table 1. Operation Iraqi Freedom, U.S. Fatalities and Wounded as of August 27, 2008, 10 a.m. EST March 19,...

U.S. direct investment abroad: trends and current issues.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Recent Investments New spending by U.S. firms on businesses and real estate abroad, or U.S. direct investment abroad, (1) rose sharply in 2007 to $333 billion up from the $241 billion net they invested in 2006, according to the Department...

Multilateral Development Banks: U.S. contributions FY1998-2009.(CRS Report for Congress)(Statistical table)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 8, 2008 U.S. Participation in the MDBs The United States is a member of five MDBs: the World Bank, African Development Bank (AfDB), Asian Development Bank (AsDB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD),...

Gasoline and oil prices.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... August 20, 2008 Contents Gasoline and Oil Price Increases Factors Affecting Oil Prices World Demand Financial Speculation Value of the Dollar National Subsidies Oil Supply Policy Issues Conclusion Gasoline and Oil...

Climate change and international deforestation: legislative analysis.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... August 22, 2008 Contents International Deforestation in Climate Change Legislation Objectives and Definitions Eligibility for Assistance Authorization for Funding Standards for Forest Carbon Activities Existing...

Federal funding of presidential nominating conventions: overview and policy options.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... August 22, 2008 Contents Introduction Convention Financing: An Overview Federal Funds Nonfederal Funds Recent Legislative Activity Legislation that Would Affect PECF Convention Funding Policy Issues and...

Former Presidents: pensions, office allowances, and other federal benefits.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... August 22, 2008 Contents Introduction Benefits Available to Former Presidents Transition Expenses Pensions Staff and Office Allowances Travel Expenses Related Benefits Secret Service Protection ...

Russia-Georgia conflict in South Ossetia: context and implications for U.S. interests.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 29, 2008 Contents Most Recent Developments Background Renewed Conflict in South Ossetia Actions in Abkhazia and Western Georgia Ceasefire Occupation Operations Russia's Partial Withdrawal ...

Latin America: terrorism issues.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 27, 2008 Terrorism in Latin America: U.S. Concerns Over the years, the United States has been concerned about threats to Latin American and Caribbean nations from various terrorist or insurgent groups that have attempted...

U.S. strategic nuclear forces: background, developments, and issues.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 5, 2008 Contents Introduction Background: The Strategic Triad Force Structure and Size During the Cold War Force Structure and Size After the Cold War Future Force Structure and Size Strategic...

Defense: FY2009 authorization and appropriations.(CRS Report for Congress)(Directory)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 1, 2008 Key Policy Staff Area of Expertise Name Telephone E-Mail Acquisition Valerie Grasso 7-7617 vgrasso@crs.loc.gov Moshe Schwartz 7-1463 ...

Most recent developments.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)(Report)
August 1, 2008... On May 22, 2008, by a vote of 384-23, the House passed its version of the FY2009 national defense authorization bill (H.R. 5658), which would authorize $542.4 billion for national defense-related activities of DOD and other federal agencies and...

Overview of the Administration request.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
August 1, 2008... On February 4, 2008, the Administration released its federal budget request for FY2009 which included $606.8 billion in discretionary budget authority for national defense. (2) This included $515.4 billion for the so-called base budget of the...

Status of legislation.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)(Brief article)
August 1, 2008... Congress has begun action on the annual defense authorization bill with the Senate Armed Services Committee approving its version (S. 3001) on April 30 and Senate floor action is possible in September. The House Armed Services Committee marked...

Is the budget too small? The 4% debate.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
August 1, 2008... Over the past few months, a number of senior military officers, as well as research groups and advocacy organizations, have been arguing that defense spending needs to be substantially higher in the next few years to avoid drastic cuts in major...

Potential issues in the FY2009 base budget request.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
August 1, 2008... Following is a brief summary of some of the other issues that may emerge during congressional action on the FY2009 defense authorization and appropriations bills, based on congressional action in prior years and early debate surrounding the...

Potential war funding issues in the FY2009 DOD bridge.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)(Department of Defense)
August 1, 2008... Since FY2004, DOD has received war funding in two acts--a bridge fund generally included in the baseline appropriations bill to fund war costs for the first part of the year and a supplemental provided after the fiscal year has begun. To get a...

Bill-by-bill synopsis of Congressional action to date.(Defense: FY2009 Authorization and Appropriations)
August 1, 2008... Congressional Budget Resolution The Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for FY2009 (S. Con. Res. 70), adopted by the Senate on June 4 and by the House on June 5, set an overall target for national defense budget authority of $612.5 billion....

Comparing global influence: China's and U.S. diplomacy, foreign aid, trade, and investment in the developing world.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... August 15, 2008

Introduction.(Part ONE: OVERVIEW)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Introduction (1) In the past decade, China's "soft power"--global influence attained through diplomatic, economic, cultural, and other non-coercive means - has grown along with its international standing. (2) Despite this development, the...

Foreign policy interests and implements of power.(PART ONE: OVERVIEW)(Report)
August 1, 2008... While the challenge of China's soft power does not alter vital U.S. interests, it affects the ways and means the United States uses to protect its interests and attain its strategic goals. The rise of China, political recidivism in Russia, and...

Assessing China's soft power.(PART ONE: OVERVIEW)(United States of America and China)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Assessing China's Soft Power (40) Although Beijing has adopted a more accommodating and multilateralist foreign policy and has not challenged the global "status quo," many experts disagree about the PRC's capabilities and long-term...

Diplomacy and foreign assistance.(PART TWO: COMPARISONS OF U.S. AND PRC INSTRUMENTS OF HARD AND SOFT POWER)(United States of America and China)(Report)
August 1, 2008... The following section examines three aspects of non-economic soft power--public diplomacy, state diplomacy, and foreign assistance. It compares U.S. and PRC efforts in a range of areas, including educational and cultural exchanges, bilateral...

Global public perceptions.(PART TWO: COMPARISONS OF U.S. AND PRC INSTRUMENTS OF HARD AND SOFT POWER)(United States of America and China)(Report)(Brief article)
August 1, 2008... Global Public Perceptions (78) Although public perceptions of the United States and China vary widely within regions and are sensitive to current events, some public opinion studies point to a significant decline for the United States...

PRC and U.S. military diplomacy.(PART TWO: COMPARISONS OF U.S. AND PRC INSTRUMENTS OF HARD AND SOFT POWER)(United States of America and China)(Report)
August 1, 2008... PRC and U.S. military diplomacy (85) This section discusses two aspects of the PRC's military diplomacy for comparison with U.S. spending: training foreign militaries and participating in peacekeeping. For many years, China has used...

International trade flows.(PART TWO: COMPARISONS OF U.S. AND PRC INSTRUMENTS OF HARD AND SOFT POWER)(United States of America and China)(Report)
August 1, 2008... International Trade Flows (118) For China, international trade is playing a key role in increasing its influence around the world and in enabling the country to import the technology, resources, food, and consumer goods needed to support...

Overseas direct investment.(PART TWO: COMPARISONS OF U.S. AND PRC INSTRUMENTS OF HARD AND SOFT POWER)(United States of America and China)(Report)
August 1, 2008... As in international trade, China has been generating media and government attention because of the recent surge in its overseas direct investment activity (129) (foreign direct investments or FDI) in various countries of the world. Beijing has...

China's sovereign wealth fund.(PART TWO: COMPARISONS OF U.S. AND PRC INSTRUMENTS OF HARD AND SOFT POWER)(Report)
August 1, 2008... China's Sovereign Wealth Fund (138) China established its major sovereign wealth fund, the China Investment Corporation (CIC) on September 29, 2007--six months after it first announced its intention to create such a fund. Financed with $200...

Southeast Asia.(China and United States market on Southeast Asia)
August 1, 2008... Southeast Asia (154) Many observers cast Southeast Asia as a crucial arena of Sino-U.S. competition. The United States has deep security, trade and investment relations with the region, and many believe that Southeast Asian nations deeply...

Central Asia.(United States and China)
August 1, 2008... Central Asia (199) Compared to other regions, China's main interests in Central Asia, which is situated along its western border, involve not only trade, but also considerations related to both external and internal security. The region,...

Africa.(United States and China's foreign relations with the region)
August 1, 2008... Africa (246) China has pursued ties with sub-Saharan Africa ("Africa" hereafter) since the 1950s. Prior to China's broad economic reforms of the 1980s, its engagement in Africa was primarily defined by political factors (e.g., colonial...

Middle East.(United States and China's foreign relations to the region)
August 1, 2008... Middle East (298) Chinese leaders have made a concerted effort to expand diplomatic and commercial relations with the Middle East and North Africa since the mid-1990s. As in other regions, growing commercial ties facilitated the...

Latin America.(PART THREE: REGIONAL COMPARISONS)
August 1, 2008... Latin America (345) While China's economic and other elements of soft power with Latin American and Caribbean countries have grown tremendously in recent years, such U.S. linkages with the region are far greater, largely because of...

State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2009 appropriations.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 21, 2008 Contents Recent Developments Congressional Action House Action Senate Action State Department Operations Foreign Operations Other Congressional Action The FY2009 Supplemental...

Cuba: issues for the 110th Congress.(CRS Report for Congress)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 8, 2008 Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

Major developments in 2008.(Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress)
August 1, 2008... On July 21, 2008, the Senate Appropriations Committee reported its version of the FY2009 Agriculture Appropriations bill, S. 3289 (S.Rept. 110-426), with a provision (section 737) that would ease restrictions on travel to Cuba for the sale of...

Political Conditions.(Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress)
August 1, 2008... On February 24, 2008, Cuba's legislature selected Raul Castro as President of the 31-member Council of State, a position that officially made him Cuba's head of government and state. Most observers expected this since he already had been...

Economic conditions.(Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress)
August 1, 2008... With the cutoff of assistance from the former Soviet Union, Cuba experienced severe economic deterioration from 1989-1993, with estimates of economic decline ranging from 35-50%, but there has been considerable improvement since 1994. From...

U.S. policy toward Cuba.(Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress)
August 1, 2008... In the early 1960s, U.S.-Cuban relations deteriorated sharply when Fidel Castro began to build a repressive communist dictatorship and moved his country toward close relations with the Soviet Union. The often tense and hostile nature of the...

Issues in U.S.-Cuban relations.(Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Debate on the Overall Direction of U.S. Policy Over the years, although U.S. policymakers have agreed on the overall objectives of U.S. policy toward Cuba--to help bring democracy and respect for human rights to the island--there have been...

Legislation in the 110th Congress.(Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress)(List)
August 1, 2008... Approved Measures P.L. 110-161 (H.R. 2764). FY2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act. H.R. 2764 was originally introduced and reported by the House Committee on Appropriations (H.Rept. 110-197) on June 18, 2007 as the FY2008 State, Foreign...

Legislation in the 109th Congress.(Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress)(List)
August 1, 2008... The following listing consists of enacted appropriations measures with Cuba-related provisions, FY2007 appropriations bills with Cuba provisions that were not completed by the end of the 109th Congress, and human rights resolutions that were...

For additional reading.(Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress)(List)
August 1, 2008... Active CRS Reports CRS Report RL31139, Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances, by Mark P. Sullivan. CRS Report RS22742, Cuba's Political Succession: From Fidel to Raul Castro, by Mark P. Sullivan. CRS Report RL34523,...

Libya: background and U.S. relations.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 6, 2008 Contents Recent Developments Background and Recent History The Qadhafi Era The Green Book and Qadhafi's Ideology Terrorism and Confrontation with the United States Qadhafi's...

U.S. Embassy in Iraq.(CRS Report for Congress)(Organization overview)
August 1, 2008... Background From July 17, 1979, when Saddam Hussein first came to power in Iraq, until just prior to the beginning of Operation Desert Storm in January 1991, the United States had full diplomatic relations with Saddam Hussein's government....

United Nations reform: U.S. policy and international perspectives.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 5, 2008 Contents Introduction Background Reform Trends Reform Efforts (1980s and early 1990s) Reform Efforts (1997 to 2005) Recently Adopted and/or Implemented Reforms and the New ...

China's economic conditions.(CRS Report for Congress)(Report)
August 1, 2008... Updated August 7, 2008 Contents Most Recent Developments An Overview of China's Economic Development China's Economy Prior to Reforms The Introduction of Economic Reforms China's Economic Growth Since Reforms:...