American Zoologist articles from June 1998

American Zoologist archives from June 1998

The importance of osmosis in nectar secretion and its consumption by insects.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION The insects which feed on nectar are predominantly adult Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and some Coleoptera. Many are good fliers and good pollinators. Many supplement their energy-rich diet with protein from pollen or...

H+ V-ATPases energize animal plasma membranes for secretion and absorption on ions and fluids.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION [H.sup.+] V-ATPases energize biomembranes by imposing a transmembrane [H.sup.+] (proton) "electrochemical" potential gradient, consisting of a voltage component ([Delta][Psi]) and a concentration component (ca. 60 mV x...

Insect diuretic peptides: structures, evolution and actions.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION Diuretic hormones stimulate fluid secretion by insect Malpighian tubules (reviewed by Phillips, 1983), and generally increase water loss via the excretory system. This is particularly evident during the post-feeding...

Fluid secretion by the Drosophila malpighian tubule.
June 1, 1998... INSECTS Insects occupy a huge variety of specialised niches in the terrestrial and aquatic biospheres, and contribute not just to biodiversity, but to a range of biological processes that impinge on humans both favourably and...

Locust ion transport peptide (ITP): a putative hormone controlling water adn ionic balance in terrestrial insects.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION Desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, can survive several days without food or water. During such times they excrete very few and very dry fecal pellets so as to conserve body water. In contrast, when feeding, locusts...

Water-proofing properties of cuticular lipids.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION All terrestrial organisms face the problem of evaporative water loss. Insects and other arthropods are particularly vulnerable, due to their relatively small size. Transpiration through the cuticle is the main route of...

Notes form underground: towards ultimate hypotheses of cyclic, discontinuous gas-exchange in tracheate arthropods.
June 1, 1998... Confronted with a strange and undescribed phenomenon, particularly one as dramatic as the periodic outbursts of [CO.sub.2] from lepidopteran pupae described by early workers in insect respiration and now referred to as Discontinuous...

Mechanisms of thermoregulation in flying bees.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION Bees (suborder Apoidea) occupy terrestrial habitats representing a wide range of thermal regimes, from tundra above the Arctic Circle to hot deserts and tropical rainforests. An important adaptation that allows them to...

Natural and genetic engineering of the heat-shock protein Hsp70 in Drosophila melanogaster: consequences for thermotolerance.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION Carl Gans (1978) entitled his presidential address to the American Society of Zoologists "All animals are interesting!" In this address, he decried the tendency of some biological scientists to focus on popular model...

Effects of temperature and water loss on terrestrial locomotor performance in land crabs: integrating laboratory and field studies.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION Changes in body temperature and the threat of dehydration are two of many challenges terrestrial and semi-terrestrial crustaceans face during locomotion on land. Locomotion is an important daily activity as animals move to...

From molecules to mating success: integrative biology of muscle maturation in a dragonfly.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION "... the ideal, but only infrequently practical, solution would be to take the analysis of phenomena all the way from the ecosystem to the molecule." G. A. Bartholomew, 1987 "... the ultimate goals of `molecular biology'...

Evolutionary analyses of morphological and physiological plasticity in thermally variable environments.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION "... a frog or a toad is by no means the same thing in summer as in winter." Claude Bernard, 1865 (1949 edition) One way that individual organisms may respond to variable environmental variation is by...

The effect of standard metabolic rate on egg production in the acridid grasshopper, Xanthippus corallipes.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION The ability of organisms to regulate body temperature ([T.sub.b]) can have profound consequences on growth, development, and reproduction (Kleiber, 1961). These are important elements in energy budgets (Stearns, 1992;...

Coomparative thermal physiological ecology of syntopic populations of Cacama valvata and Tibicen bifdus (Homoptera: Cicadidae): modeling fitness consequences of temperature variation.
June 1, 1998... INTRODUCTION A key to understanding evolution of physiological traits is to ascertain how variation in such traits affects components of fitness such as survival, energy acquisition, growth rates, mating success, and fecundity in the...

The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands.
June 1, 1998... The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Jack Stein Grove and Robert J. Lavenberg. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1997, 863 pp, 151 color images, $125.00 (ISBN 0-8047-2289-7). This book provides the most comprehensive treatment to date on...

Buffon: A Life in Natural History.
June 1, 1998... Buffon: A Life in Natural History. Jacques Roger. Trans. Sarah Lucille Bonnefoi. L. Pearce Williams, ed. Cornell University Press, 1997. xvii + 492 pp. Cloth $49.95. ISBN 0-8014-2918-8. Georges-Louis Leclerc, conte de Buffon (1707-1788), was...

The Evolution of Mating Systems in Insects and Arachnids.
June 1, 1998... The Evolution of Mating Systems in Insects and Arachnids. Jae C. Choe and Bernard J. Crespi, eds. Cambridge University Press. 1997. 387 pages. $100.00 cloth (ISBN 0-521-58029-3), $44.95 paper (ISBN 0-521-58976-2). Ever since Darwin (1871),...

Molecular Evolution.
June 1, 1998... Molecular Evolution. Wen-Hsiung Li. Sinauer Associates. 1997. $52.95 hardcover. ISBN 087934634. The study of molecular evolution is advancing at an extremely rapid rate. By 1998 it can truly be regarded as a discipline in its own right,...

The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Mammal Faunas.
June 1, 1998... The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Mammal Faunas. Raymond L. Bernor, Volker Fahlbush, and H.-W. Mittman, eds. Columbia University Press. 1997. 487 pages. $92.00, cloth. ISBN: 0-231-08246-0. This latest contribution to the...

The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids.
June 1, 1998... The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids. Jae C. Choe and Bernard J. Crespi, eds. Cambridge University Press, 1997, xiii + 541 pp. Hardback (ISBN: 0-521-58028-5), $120 or paper (ISBN: 0-521-58977-0), $47.95. Behavioral...

Herpetology.
June 1, 1998... Herpetology. F. Harvet Pough, R. M. Andrews, J. E. Cadle, M. L. Crump, A. H. Savitsky, and K. P. Wells. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1998. xi + 577 pp., illustr., author and subject indexes $72.00 (ISBN 0-13-850876-3 hard). ...

Sex, Color, and Mate Choice in Guppies.
June 1, 1998... Sex, Color, and Mate Choice in Guppies. Anne E. Houde. Princeton University Press, 1997, 210 pp, $19.95 ISBN: 0-691-02789-7. This book could easily have been relevant only to the handful of researchers who work on mate choice in guppies. It...