American Criminal Law Review articles from March 1996

American Criminal Law Review archives from March 1996

The independent counsel statute: bad law, bad policy.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... INTRODUCTION The Watergate scandal--and the crisis in public confidence in government it spawned--left us many legacies, one of which is the Independent Counsel ("IC") statute.(1) Over twenty years after the fact, the "lessons" of the scandal...

Antitrust.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE A. Conspiracy B. Restraint of Trade C. Interstate Nexus D. Intent. III. DEFENSES A. Withdrawal from Conspiracy B. Statute of Limitations C. Double Jeopardy. D. Single Entity E....

Computer crimes.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. Introduction A. Defining Computer Crime B. Types of Computer-Related Offenses II. Federal Approaches A. Federal Criminal Code 1. Computer Abuse Amendments Act of 1994 a. Offenses Under the Statute b. Defenses 2. Other...

Employment related crimes.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. WORKER SAFETY A. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1. Employer's Willful Violation of Standard Causes Death a. Elements of the Offense i. Employer ii. Willful Violation iii. Specific Standard iv. Causes...

Environmental crimes.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. Introduction II. New Developments A. Trends in B. New Directions in Enforcement C. Legislative Developments D. Proposed Sentencing Guidelines E. Judicial Developments III. Common Issues A. Liability 1. Corporate 2....

False claims.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION A. 31 U.S.C. Sections 3729-3733 B. 18 U.S.C. Section 287 II. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE A. Presentation of a Claim B. False, Fictitious or Fraudulent Claims C. Knowledge. D. Materiality III. DEFENSES A. Intent-based...

False statements.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE A. Statements B. Falsity C. Materiality D. Intent E. Jurisdiction III. DEFENSES A. Exculpatory "No" B. Ambiguity C. Double Jeopardy D. Multiplicity of the Indictment E. Other...

Federal criminal conflict of interest.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. Introduction II. BRIBERY AND ILLEGAL GRATUITIES A. Elements of the Bribery Offense 1. Thing of Value 2. Federal Public Official 3. Corrupt Intent. 4. Influence of a Public Official 5. Official Act B. Defenses 1. Entrapment...

Federal criminal conspiracy.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE. A. Agreement B. Illegal Goal C. Knowledge, Intent and Participation D. Overt Act III. DEFENSES A. Statute of Limitations B. Insufficiency of the Indictment C. Variance D....

Federal Food and Drug Act violations.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE A. Statutory Elements 1. Food, Drug, Cosmetic or Device 2. Adulterated or Misbranded 3. Delivery or Transportation into Interstate Commerce B. "Responsible Relation" Element III. DEFENSES...

Financial institutions fraud.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. BANK FRAUD: [sections] 1344 A. Potential Scope B. Elements of the Offense 1. Knowledge 2. Executes or attempts to Execute 3. Scheme or Artifice 4. To Defraud or Obtain Monies By False or Fraudulent Pretenses...

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. ACCOUNTING PROVISIONS A. Affected Parties B. Elements of the Offense 1. Record-keeping 2. Internal Controls C. Intent D. Affirmative Defenses E. Enforcement III. ANTI-BRIBERY PROVISIONS A. Affected Parties...

Health care fraud.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. Introduction II. Prosecuting Medicare and Medicaid Fraud A. Traditional Fraud Statutes 1. False Claims a. Elements of the Offense i. Presentation of a claim ii. False, fictitious, or fraudulent nature of a claim iii. Intent...

Intellectual property.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. THEFT OF TRADE SECRETS A. National Stolen Property Act 1. Transported in Interstate Commerce. 2. Goods, Wares or Merchandise 3. Minimum Value of $5,000. 4. Stolen, Converted or Taken by Fraud 5. Knowledge that...

Mail and wire fraud.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTTON II. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE A. Scheme to Defraud 1. Traditional Frauds 2. Fraud Involving Intangible Rights B. Intent to Defraud C. Mailing In Furtherance of a Scheme 1. Causing the Mails to be Used 2. The "In...

Money laundering.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. OVERVIEW OF THE STATUTE A. Section 1956 1. Transaction Money Laundering 2. Transportation Money Laundering 3. Sting Operations B. Section 1957 III. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE A. Knowledge 1. General Knowledge...

Obstruction of justice.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. Introduction II. Obstruction of Justice: The Omnibus Provision A. Scope of Section 1503 B. Elements of the Offense 1. Pending Proceedings 2. Knowledge and Intent 3. Interference or Attempt to Interfere a. Concealment, Alteration...

Racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. Introduction II. Elements of the Offense A. Two or More Predicate Acts of Rackeetering Activity B. Pattern C. Enterprise 1. Types of Enterprises 2. Proving the Enterprise 3. Person-Enterprise Rule D. Effect on Interstate...

Securities fraud.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE A. Substantive Fraud 1. Material Omissions and Misrepresentations a. Misstatements and Omissions b. Materiality c. Scienter d. Reliance e. Willfulness 2. Insider Trading a. The...

Tax evasion.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. Introduction II. IRC Section 7201 A. Elements 1. Existence of a Tax Deficiency 2. Affirmative Act Constituting Evasion 3. Willfulness B. Defenses 1. Lack of Deficiency 2. Lack of Willfulness 3. Third Party...

Corporate criminal liability.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR AGENT ACTION A. Scope of Employment B. For the Benefit of the Corporation C. Significance of the agent's employment status 1. Common Law Standard 2. Model Penal Code Standard III....

Organizational sentencing.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. GUIDELINES PROVISIONS: OFFENSES COVERED AND SANCTIONS PERMITTED A. Remedial Measures B. Probation C. Imposition of Fines 1. Base Offense Level 2. Base Fine 3. Culpability a. Calculation b. Corporate...

Procedural issues.(Eleventh Survey of White Collar Crime)
March 22, 1996... I. INTRODUCTION II. INITIATION OF PROSECUTION A. The Grand Jury 1. Standard of Review for Grand Jury Error 2. Prosecutorial Misconduct B. Document Production 1. Fifth Amendment Aspects of Document Production 2. Act of Production...