Laboratory Equipment articles from January 2007

Laboratory Equipment archives from January 2007

Controlling vibration in Nanotech applications.
January 1, 2007... It wasn't too long ago that making the decision where to locate your scanning probe microscope was a simple one--put it in the basement where ambient vibration was least. But recently, with nanotechnology applications growing exponentially,...

Lab notebook software simplifies browsing; allows users to capture and configure metadata.(Featured New Product)
January 1, 2007... Symyx Technologies' Software Discovery Notebook version 4.0 features an easy-to-use interface for single and parallel experimentation, an advanced software developer kit (SDK), extensive searching and browsing capabilities, and a pre-loaded...

Survey says ...
January 1, 2007... Survey says... Compared with last year, how would you rate your career opportunities in 2007? Significantly greater 4.7% Greater 22.1% About the same 57% Less 13.6%...

Incremental innovation.(INNOVATIONS)
January 1, 2007... While technology breakthroughs--such as that announced at the recent iPhone press event--are thrilling, they are rare. Most innovation moves like the tortoise as opposed to the eye-catching hare. Steady, studied, and gradual. Our feature...

Imaging system produces one accurate image of large samples.(INNOVATIONS)
January 1, 2007... The Montage Explorer, an automated sample scanning and image stitching system, helps microscopists rapidly produce a single, perfectly focused image of an entire microscope slide. The system's high resolution, color CCD digital camera can be...

Monitor for aggregates in protein solutions.(INNOVATIONS)
January 1, 2007... The AggreKem monitor determines the presence of aggregates for protein crystallography and rapid QA screening applications and aggregation kinetic studies. It utilizes light scattering technology and proprietary software to measure turbidity to...

Label identification system ensures sample integrity.
January 1, 2007... A new range of security labels for the laboratory are manufactured to ensure sample/specimen integrity from collection through to analysis stage. Suited to forensic kits, specimen transportation in dry ice, and collection receptacles, the...

Non-contact volume checker for microplates and racks.(INNOVATIONS)
January 1, 2007... VolumeCheck is a new range of automated systems that enable fast and reliable determination of sample volume in unsealed 96-well deep or shallow-well microplates, 96-tube racks, and high volume test tube racks. Using proprietary acoustic sensor...

Web-based tool determines freezer requirements.(INNOVATIONS)
January 1, 2007... The freezer rack configurator is an online system that helps those in need of inventory management find what they need fast for almost any laboratory freezer sold in the US. The company has pioneered a format for customers to find the...

Auto-Defrost improves centrifugal evaporation efficiency.(INNOVATIONS)
January 1, 2007... With Auto-Defrost and Drain, applications requiring removal of mixed solvents with differing boiling points, such as lyophilization or evaporation of HPLC fractions, can now be carried out automatically. The Auto-Defrost and Drain facility...

InGaAs linear image sensors for near-infrared detection.(INNOVATIONS)
January 1, 2007... Two new InGaAs linear image sensors, the G9494-256D and G9494-512D, are for high-speed detection of near-infrared light in the spectral range between 0.9 microns and 1.7 microns. They are intended for online foreign object inspection systems...

Bill Kirk blends two labs into one: good management and automation assure smooth operation.(BEST PRACTICES: Great Laboratory Managers)
January 1, 2007... Wrangling two laboratories separated by hundreds of miles can be daunting, but it's all in a day's work for Bill Kirk. As director of Reliance Laboratories, Inc. in West Virginia, Kirk oversees two facilities offering environmental...

Sample management made simple: techniques for storing, identifying and tracking samples.(ORGANIZED SCIENCE)
January 1, 2007... How do you store, catalog, identify and find samples in your lab? Do you have a definitive system that works or one that needs to be re fined? Sample and specimen storage is a challenge that every laboratory faces. Tools for managing samples...

64-bit Microsoft Windows Vista: understanding the impact on engineering and scientific applications.(Instrumentation, Systems & Equipment)
January 1, 2007... Due to its wide application, this contributed article by National Instruments is running in multiple publications of Advantage Business Media/Science Group in January 2007. Introduction Engineers and scientists increasingly use...

Customizable operation of digital cameras.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The IPX-16M3-G and IPX-16M3-L digital cameras offer fully programmable resolution, frame rate and exposure control, allowing users to tailor each camera's operation to their application needs. A 16-megapixel Kodak KAI-16000 interline-transfer...

Heating blocks accommodate round-bottomed flasks.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Designed to operate with all leading stirring hotplates, Heat-On heating blocks enable safe and clean heating of round-bottomed flasks from 10 mL to 5 L. The well shape maximizes heating efficiency and avoids the cracking of flasks caused by...

Particle characterization systems simplify particle measurement.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The Zetasizer Nano series of particle characterization systems simplifies the measurement of particle size, stability characterization using zeta potential and molecular weight for a range of dispersions, emulsions and molecules in solution....

Integrated software package enables flexible materials testing.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The Bluehill 2 flexible materials testing package provides users with easy, tailored application solutions. Features include VersaChannel for data acquisition from 16 additional input channels, a raw data viewer, an advanced programming...

Materials characterization instrument suited to routine and research applications.(UPDATE ON: Robotics & Automation)
January 1, 2007... Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the K-Alpha materials characterization instrument enables rapid, economical, quantitative monitoring of the surface chemical composition of nanometers of solid materials. The electron optics...

Benchtop sorters provide automated tube handling.(UPDATE ON: Robotics & Automation)
January 1, 2007... Features of the compact and automated XL9 and XL20 tube sorter systems include individual tube identification, bar coded rack set-up and detailed log files. The systems automate the transferring of tubes between multiple 96-tube racks....

Automated crimping stations for HPLC vials.(UPDATE ON: Robotics & Automation)
January 1, 2007... Workbench automation systems based on high performance, automated XYZ liquid handling can now include automatic crimping stations for HPLC vials. The caps are provided on a rack on the workbench. For crimping, the robot places the caps on the...

Differential scanning calorimeter's ceramic sensor offers design flexibility.(UPDATE ON: Robotics & Automation)
January 1, 2007... The DSC823e features a unique sensor design that delivers flat baselines, very high sensitivity and excellent peak resolution. Boasting a ceramic sensor, it is suited for measurements of thermal effects in research and development and quality...

Integration of laser sources made simple.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The M-COMB laser combiner simplifies the integration of multiple laser sources. It can be used with laser diodes at 405, 440, 473, 559 or 635 nm; the green helium 543-nm gas laser; and the multi-argon gas laser. Its broadband optical fiber...

Ultrasonic sensors account for environmental variables.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... IRU 2000/3000 ultrasonic sensors are easy to install and offer a detection range from 1 to 35 ft. They provide a non-contact method of presence/ absence detection, proximity detection, or level control in various applications. The virtually...

Data logging software available in Spanish.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Spanish-speaking personnel and organizations with quality concerns requiring accurate monitoring of temperature and humidity can now access a Spanish language version of Dicksonware easy-to-use data logging software. This offering provides...

Environmental chamber maximizes temperature stability.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The proprietary heated incubator/environmental chamber provides a high volume solution for applications requiring precision temperature control, such as elevated temperature studies and shelf life testing. The temperature range of 5 C above...

UV cabinets and workstations.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Six models of PCR cabinets and workstations bring together UV-irradiation, antimicrobial stainless steel for a contamination-free environment. Select models feature a HEPA filter system. To meet research requirements and budgets, all six models...

Potentiometric titrator processes large and small amounts of sample.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Compact and easy to use, the COM-1600 potentiometric titrator features a large, color-graphic, liquid crystal display. GLP functions enhance the storage and processing of results while reducing operating costs. Large numbers of samples can be...

Temperature-compensated pressure calibrator.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The MicroCal PM200 process pressure calibrator meets the needs of instrumentation engineers and quality managers both in the laboratory and in the field. Utilizing advanced technology, the device provides measurements and simulations of...

Sulfur Traces analyzer utilizes integrated permeation device.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The Sulfur Traces analyzer, which is based on Agilent's 6890 GC with EPC, features a fully integrated permeation device that allows low (ppb) multilevel calibration. When the device is maintained at a constant temperature and flow, the...

Computed tomography system enables analysis of electronic devices.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The nanotom computed tomography system can analyze internal structures of complex electronic devices at high resolution. Features include a granite base and a 160-kV, high-power nanofocus X-ray tube. The high-resolution digital detector for...

SPC software enables monitoring from afar.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Synergy 3000 statistical process control (SPC) software has been developed using Microsoft's .NET computing platform. The .NET development environment utilizes Microsoft component-oriented tools and programming languages for creating advanced...

Sensors measure flow rates accurately with zero drift.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The U700 Series of ultra high purity (UHP) Liquid FloSensors measures flow rates of virtually any fluid as low as 15 mL/min or as high as 50 lpm. A microturbine flow sensor design allows accurate flow measurement with no zero drift and no...

TOC analyzers utilize USEPA-accepted methodology.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The IL500 TOC UV/persulfate analyzer and IL530 and IL550 TOC-TN combustion analyzers utilize USEPA-accepted methodology and features. The series enhances the proprietary Total Solutions offering for analysts in private analytical services,...

Centrifugal evaporators resist common solvents and acids.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... HCl versions of the EZ-2, HT-4X and HT-12 evaporators use inert and corrosion-proof materials to enable high concentrations of hydrochloric acid and other acid chlorides to be removed without loss of performance or long-term deterioration in...

Top hat style load cells.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Small in size but not in performance, the Exclusive LCM307 top hat load cells are suited for applications involving minimum space and high capacity loads of 500 kN. The rugged, stainless steel construction and high-performance strain gages...

Liquid handler can sample any well.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The mosquito X1 is a nanoliter "hit-picking" version of the mosquito liquid handling system. Offering precision sampling of individual wells, the device enables researchers to quickly select "hits" from primary screening plates and transfer...

Platinum freezer thermometer.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The Traceable -100.0 RTD platinum freezer thermometer monitors temperatures in freezers, water baths, heating blocks, incubators and refrigerators. It measures from -99.9 C to 199.9 C with a resolution of 0.1[degrees] and an accuracy of [+ or...

Imaging systems.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Spotlight 400 FT-IR and 400N FT-NIR imaging systems increase productivity and understanding of samples with faster data collection, more sampling and spatial resolution flexibility, and longer unattended operating time. They serve a range of...

Electronic notebook builds reaction database from experiments.(UPDATE ON Informatics)
January 1, 2007... Built on the Isentris system, the enhanced MDL Notebook 2.0 supports a range of chemistry experiments, from the single-step synthesis of discrete molecules to multistep synthesis and complex parallel chemistry experiments. The electronic...

Enhanced software manages instruments.(UPDATE ON Informatics)
January 1, 2007... Instrument Manager (IM) version 8.05 features a redesigned specimen management user interface, a new maintenance manager and support for data mining via ODBC connectivity. Maintenance manager allows users to schedule tasks, track and document...

LIMS provides greater flexibility for ADMET studies.(UPDATE ON Informatics)
January 1, 2007... Galileo LIMS version 3.2 specifically supports in vitro ADMET experiments, allowing users to design, calculate and report data from studies such as metabolic stability, drug-drug interaction and permeability. Users are given greater control...

Informatics system features Metabolomics Edition.(UPDATE ON Informatics)
January 1, 2007... Version 7.5 of the KnowItAll informatics system features many enhancements, in addition to the new Metabolomics Edition for metabolomics research. The Metabolomics Edition integrates Infometrix' Pirouette chemometrics technology with the...

Application of dry storage matrices for DNA sample collection and preparation for forensic analysis.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... DNA analysis in forensics is commonplace today. The representations of crime scene analyses on various popular television shows has raised public awareness to the point that jurors are taking it upon themselves to request DNA information in...

Digital field microscope/camera.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... The iLoupe is a digital field microscope/camera. By attaching the removable microscopic module, which features lens magnifications ranging from 10x to 150x, to a digital Canon SD600 6-mega pixel camera, the unit easily transforms into a fully...

Automated bench top DNA extraction system.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... The Maxwell 16 System easily fits on a laboratory bench and can process 16 samples in 20 minutes. Currently, manual DNA extraction requires an average time of 6 to 8 hours and multiple steps. The combination of benchtop instrument, preloaded...

Fingerprint development chamber.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... Benchtop fingerprint development chamber accelerates the development of DFO and Ninhydrin process fingerprints. Controlling high temperature and high relative humidity conditions enables fingerprints to be detected at a fast rate with clarity....

Pipet tips cleaning system.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... This process of cleaning pipet tips used on automated liquid handlers uses "cold" atmospheric pressure plasma. The enhanced version of the TipCharger System incorporates a controller module that helps increase the reproducibility of results,...

GC-MS/MS triple quad system for MS detectors.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... The Evolution GC-MS/MS triple quad system is suited for Agilent 5973/5975 MS detectors. It is particularly useful for applications involving high backgrounds or matrix effects, which are common to food/flavor/fragrance chemistry, forensic...

Carbon fiber forensic tools.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... Carbon fiber tweezers, carbon fiber probes and carbon fiber calipers have been developed for forensic applications because they do not damage surface-sensitive evidence material. Carbon fiber tools are wear resistant to reduce contamination and...

Ductless fume hoods recirculate air.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... The Purair range of ductless fume hoods provides operator protection when using hazardous substances. Applications include weighing, chemical sampling, histology, forensic and pharmaceutical. A face velocity at 100 fpm ensures containment of...

All-in-one, trace level molecular analysis toolkit.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... The surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) toolkit is suited for measuring materials at subpicogram levels. Comprising a compact, laser-safe spectrometer, a complete data handling software package, and the proprietary Klarite substrates,...

Centrifugal filter concentrates genomic DNA.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... The Amicon Ultra-4 100K NMWL centrifugal filter device concentrates human genomic DNA for use in forensic analysis. The device quickly ultra filters dilute nucleic acid samples for fast separation of genomic DNA from low molecular weight...

Small-scale microwave sample prep system.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... The [Explorer.sub.SP] system for small-scale microwave sample preparation processes samples in as little as 1 minute. Disposable, 10-mL tubes provide a sample capacity of 0.1 to 7 mL (working volume), making the system suited for applications...

Ion signature quantitative deconvolution software.(Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science)
January 1, 2007... Ion signature quantitative deconvolution software is suited for high throughput testing labs working in the areas of food, beverage, flavors and fragrances, as well as forensics and chemicals. A set of advanced deconvolution algorithms is...

Optical fiber assemblies resist UV degradation.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... XSR Xtreme solarization-resistant optical fiber assemblies are manufactured using a proprietary process that provides enhanced UV transmission and resistance to UV degradation. Suited for deep-UV applications [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]

E-learning course for inductively coupled plasma instruments.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The e-learning course helps users troubleshoot and ensures proper preventive maintenance of the Optima family of ICP instruments. This basic curriculum module focuses on maximizing uptime and includes routine maintenance procedures and lab...

HPLC columns feature T3 bonding chemistry.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Atlantis T3 HPLC columns feature T3 bonding, which combines longer column lifetimes at low pH and improved peak shape for amine-containing bases at pH 7 with optimum polar compound retention and 100% aqueous compatibility. Additional benefits...

Automated ion analysis system for water samples.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The Flow Solution FS 3100 automated chemistry analyzer performs continuous flow ion analysis of drinking water, wastewater, and natural water samples and digests using FIA or SFA techniques. Features include an X-Y-Z autosampler, multichannel...

Toxic and process gas analyzer performs 24/7 monitoring.(Separations/Spectroscopy)
January 1, 2007... The VaporLab 700 gas analyzer performs process and toxic gas monitoring. Featuring remote sampling capability, the rack-mounted analyzer is designed for continuous, 24-hour operation. Advanced solid-state technology is used for detecting BTEX...

Photoionization lamps for gas chromatography and gas analysis.(Separations/Spectroscopy)
January 1, 2007... To meet the need for compact gas detection instruments, a range of photoionization lamps is offered for gas chromatography and portable gas analysis. Both RF- and DC-energized lamps are available. The lamps feature small dimensions, high...

Solid phase microextraction capability enhances GC autosampler.(Separations/Spectroscopy)
January 1, 2007... The TriPlus robotic GC autosampler features a new solid phase microextraction (SPME) capability. This solvent-less sample preparation technique involves extraction, concentration and introduction of analytes in a single step. Automating the...

Gas chromatograph delivers fast injection-to-injection time.(UPDATE ON Gas Chromatograpy)
January 1, 2007... The Clarus 600 series gas chromatograph delivers fast combined heat-up and cool-down rates. Powered by an advanced oven design, the economical unit enables labs to reduce analytical cycle times and improve sample throughput. It can be used in...

Lab 2010: moving productivity forward.(Company overview)
January 1, 2007... * The following transcript is based on a roundtable discussion held October 25, 2006 at the Strategic Lab Management Conference in Oakbrook, IL. Participants included: DENNIS COMPTON, Chemistry Manager, Obiter Research, LLC. ZHENGMING...

Pipette calibration system strengthens data integrity.(Chemicals & Supplies)
January 1, 2007... This article presents data showing the frequency and magnitude of pipetting error in laboratories. Experiments Air-displacement pipettes are complex precision instruments. The accuracy and precision of a properly functioning pipette in...

Rack and tube readers decode tubes from all sample libraries.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The SmartScan 96 rack reader and SmartScan Solo single tube reader deliver rapid decoding of SmartScan 2-D coded cluster tubes from sample libraries of all sizes. The rack reader's dual CCD cameras can decode a 96-place SBS footprint rack in ...

High conductance valves accommodate ultra high vacuum systems.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The manual and pneumatic, stainless steel, in-line and angle valves are suited for high and ultra high vacuum systems with pressures as low as 10-10 torr. Features include stainless steel welded bellows with replaceable bellow assemblies, and...

Excimer laser mirrors minimize scatter.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The Tech Spec high energy excimer laser mirror family minimizes scatter from high power UV lasers, including krypton-fluoride, xenon-chloride and xenon-fluoride lasers. The mirrors offer low loss and high damage thresholds, as well as optimal...

Expanded PTFE fabric ensures stability in extreme environments.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Fibers of the expanded, completely inert PTFE fabric possess high strength, exhibit low shrinkage, and resist abrasion as well as degradation from ultraviolet rays. These characteristics ensure stability and integrity in extreme environments....

Screw tops for better sealing and convenience.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The screw-top vials feature precision threads that hold pressures typically found in headspace analysis. They eliminate the tedious task of crimping, thus saving time for users performing headspace analysis with 10-mL and 20-mL vials. Offered...

Pipette tip reloading system snaps onto trays.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The Eco-Pack pipette tip reloading system allows users to rack tips in seconds. A convenient hinged lid provides easy access to racked tips with a universal fit. The eco-friendly design snaps onto stacked or individual trays, providing racked...

Microplates suit almost all filtration applications.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... A comprehensive range of low and high biomolecular-binding filtration plates feature well volumes ranging from 350 [micro]L to 5 mL. This range includes plates that can simultaneously filter 96 samples of 350-[micro]L volume, providing high...

Adjustable spray wash bottle.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The 1000-mL adjustable spray wash bottle is chemical resistant, virtually unbreakable and made of high-density polyethylene. Users simply set the nozzle to fine mist for TLC plates, position it to needle for rinsing glassware, and pump a...

Permeation tubes produce stable PPB calibration standards.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Trace Source 57FPK gas fed permeation tubes produce stable ppb calibration standards of arsine and other hydride impurities in polymerization-grade ethylene and propylene. A gas standards generating instrument maintains the tube at a constant...

Eliminate time-consuming dilutions with premixed compounds.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The VOA 60 Big Mix eliminates the hassle of time-consuming dilutions when assembling VOA calibration standards. The 60 most routinely analyzed volatile compounds for EPA methods 524.2, 624 and 8260 have been combined and packaged in one ampule...

High pressure fittings connect tubing without liners.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The 360-[micro]m high pressure fitting permits direct connection of 360-micron OD fused silica, PEEK, stainless or electroformed nickel tubing without the use of liners. Because of the fitting's compact size and fine 2-56 threads, a lead-free...

Electronic pipettors available in 1-, 8-, or 12-channel models.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Proline electronic pipettors are certified with ISO 13485/ 17025/9001 accreditations. The micro-processor-controlled piston and braking mechanism ensure optimal accuracy, especially during demanding, repetitive dispensing applications for HTS...

Chuck adapter enables measurements at non-ambient temperatures.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... The LMS-91A temperature chuck adapter is intended for use with the LMS-2709 laboratory microprobe station. The chuck adds temperature control and enhanced heat sink capability, enabling measurements at non-ambient temperatures on the device...

High and Low Valence Metal chemistries.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... Two new product lines include High and Low Valence Metal (HVM and LVM) chemistries. Representative HVM offerings include chemistries based on trivalent cobalt, tetravalent cerium, trivalent/tetravalent manganese, pentavalent vanadium, trivalent...

Macro tubes fully compatible with all automated sample handling systems.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... For convenience, the 2.5-mL and 7.5-mL macro tubes come prefilled in SBS standard footprint racks. Accommodating 96 (2.5 mL) or 24 (7.5 mL) individual tubes in the standard configuration ensures the tubes are fully compatible with all automated...

Flat, round and V-bottomed 96-well plates.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... A comprehensive range of 96-well deep well plates has been optimized for various applications such as combinatorial chemistry. Three of the plates have a maximum well capacity of 350 [micro]L. Available in flat-, round-and V-bottomed wells, the...

Multilayer tubing features multiple attributes.(PRODUCT NEWS)
January 1, 2007... 78A durometer hybrid tubing combines the attributes of non-reactive polyethylene with clear, flexible, medical-grade PVC. While the pure LDPE inner layer can withstand contact with many reagents, the exterior non-DEHP PVC layer provides easy...

Inorganic custom standards available in seven days.(UPDATE ON Chemical & Gas Standards)
January 1, 2007... The company now offers inorganic custom standards at a quicker turnaround time. The old time frame of 14 days has been cut in half, so the standards are shipped out seven days from the time orders are placed. Able to handle all complicated...

Gas standards for GC analyzers.(UPDATE ON: Chemical & Gas Standards)
January 1, 2007... Proprietary gas standards for the MiCro GC gas analyzers ensure optimal instrument installation and performance. They include a universal gas mixture and natural and refinery gas analyzer test mixtures. The gases are supplied individually, in...