Notes and Queries articles from September 1994

Notes and Queries archives from September 1994

John Bale, owner of St Dunstan's benedictional.
September 1, 1994... ON 30 July 1560 John Bale (1495-1563) - recently returned from exile in central Europe and installed as a prebendary of Canterbury Cathedral - replied to a letter which he had received from Archbishop Matthew Parker `concernynge bokes of...

Call for research materials for 'The Oxford English Dictionary.'
September 1, 1994... MANY scholars and linguists will be aware that the Oxford University Press is planning a comprehensive revision of The Oxford English Dictionary, which will build on the work done for the second edition of OED, published in 1989. The...

Biographical notes on Robert Mannyng of Brunne and Peter Idley, the adaptor of Robert Mannyng's 'Handlyng Synne.'
September 1, 1994... The few facts known about Robert Mannyng of Brunne until now have been drawn principally from his two poems, Handlyng Synne, an adaptation of William of Waddington's Manuel des Peches, and the later historical Story England, based on the...

The appearance of Saint George above the English troops at Agincourt: the source of a detail in the historical record.
September 1, 1994... OFTEN it is impossible to identify with precision the source of details in historical records. However, in the case of the reported appearance of Saint George above the English host at Agincourt, it is possible to pinpoint the origin of the...

Celtic etymologies for 'brisk' 'active,lively' and 'caddow' 'woolen covering.'
September 1, 1994... Brisk `active, lively': Irish briosc `brisk' ON the origin of English brisk sharp or smart with regard to movement, quick and active, lively', OED remarks `first found in end of 16th c.; evidently familiar to Shakespeare and his...

Misrepresentation in Hensleigh Wedgwood's review of Jacob Grimm's 'Deutsche Grammatik.'
September 1, 1994... If we suppose these classes of consonants to have a natural tendency to change their aspirates into medials, medials into tenues, and tenues into aspirates, in passing from an older to a newer dialect, the old High German will be one step...

A possible etymology for Scots Smirr 'traces of rain in the wind.'
September 1, 1994... It is generally accepted that Scotland has one of the most unpredictable climates in the world, with the accent on regular rain. It comes as no surprise, therefore, to discover that the Scots tongue has almost as many words for different...

Richard Farmer and the Rowley controversy.
September 1, 1994... On 27 February 1977, Richard Farmer, author of the influential Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare (1767) and Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, wrote to Michael Lort on the subject of the Rowley Controversy. The world of letters had...

Some unexplained references in Jane Austen's letters.
September 1, 1994... In his edition of Jane Austen's Letters(1) there are some passages and references which Dr Chapman was unable to explain. Several of these are obscure and are clearly not capable of solution, but recent research in contemporary newspapers has...

Jane Austen's letters: the date of numbers 108 and 109.
September 1, 1994... In `Jane Austen: Some Letters Redated' Deidre Le Faye suggested that the combined fragments numbered 108 and 109 in Dr Chapman's edition were `now to be dated Thursday 24 November 1814'.(1) But an important clue has, I think, been overlooked....

Errors of identification in the indexes to Jane Austen's letters.
September 1, 1994... IN a previous note(1) I offered some corrections to the indexes of Dr Chapman's edition of Jane Austen's Letters(2) where the persons concerned had been wrongly or doubtfully identified. To these may be added: 1. Caroline (Letter 2).(3)...

Jane Austen's 'fly'; brother or dog?
September 1, 1994... IN his edition of Jane Austen's Letters Dr Chapman assumed that `Fly' in the letter of 15 September 1796(1) referred to Jane's brother Frank. In this he was following the lead of Frank's grandson J. H. Hubback who, with his daughter Edith,...

Jane Austen and Lord Howard.
September 1, 1994... IN her note on `Jane Austen and the Celebrated Birthday',(1) Janice Kirkland suggested a possible identification for the `Poor Lord Howard' referred to in Jane Austen's letter of 3 November 1813.(2) Her argument is persuasive save in one...

Robert Bage's 'Barham Downs' and 'Sense and Sensibility.' (sources for Jane Austen's novel)
September 1, 1994... ALTHOUGH considerable attention has been paid to the possible sources of Sense and Sensibility, no model has been proposed for the `Lucy-plot' in the novel: Lucy Steele's jilting of Edward Ferrars, to whom she has long been engaged, in favour...

Sir John Barrow's contributions to the Quarterly Review 1809-24.
September 1, 1994... SIR JOHN BARROW (1764-1848), Second Secretary of the Admiralty and a founder of the Royal Geographical Society, was a prolific contributor of articles to the Quarterly Review. Founded in March 1809 by Walter Scott, George Canning, and John...

Three uncollected Coleridgean marginalia from De Quincey.
September 1, 1994... Coleridge often spoiled a book; but, in the course of doing this, he enriched that book with so many and so valuable notes, tossing about him with such lavish profusion, from such a cornucopia of discursive reading, and such a fusing...

The book of Bowles's poems that Coleridge sent to Mary Evans. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge's admiration for William L. Bowles)
September 1, 1994... It is well known that Coleridge was under the strong influence of William L. Bowles in his youth. His admiration for Bowles started when he first read the second edition of his Sonnets (1789) at the age of seventeen. He recalls in Biographia...

Coleridge, Wordsworth, and 'Joan of Arc.' (Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth's criticism of Robert Southey)
September 1, 1994... In early April 1797 Coleridge, prompted by the Monthly Review's assessment of his own `Ode to the Departing Year' and Robert Southey's Poems (1797), told Joseph Cottle that he wished the latter had never been published.(1) Although evidence...

A Coleridge borrowing from Southey. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey)
September 1, 1994... ROBERT SOUTHEY's poetry has the unenviable reputation of being dull, uninspired, and, worst of all, derivative. It is therefore not at all surprising that previous critics have assumed that in a climactic episode of his third long poem Madoc...

Coleridge: an early claim that the 'law of association' came from Aristotle. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
September 1, 1994... In chapter 5 of Biographia Literaria Coleridge states: Sir James Mackintosh... affirmed in the lectures, delivered by him at Lincoln's Inn Hall, that the law of association as established in the contemporaneity of the original...

John Newton and Coleridge's 'Fears in Solitude.' (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
September 1, 1994... The possibility of a link between Coleridge and John Newton, the famous slave-trader turned Evangelical clergyman, has often been acknowledged by critics since Bernard Martin's monograph The Ancient Mariner and the Authentic Narrative...

De Quincey's 'Immortal Druggist' and Wordsworth's 'Power of Music.' (Thomas De Quincey's quotations from William Wordsworth's 'Power of Music')
September 1, 1994... In Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821), De Quincey four times quotes a phrase from Wordsworth's poem `Power of Music'. The first and most prominent occurrence of the phrase is in De Quincey's account of his first purchase of opium....

More Hazlitt quotations: the Bible, Milton, Dryden, Rochester, Boileau/John Dennis. (William Hazlitt quotations from John Milton, John Dryden and other sources)
September 1, 1994... In the following notes on some Hazlitt quotations or reminiscences the references are to The Complete Works of William Hazlitt, ed. P. P. Howe, 21 vols (London, 1930-4) by volume number followed by page number. i.280 (A Reply to Malthus)...

The transmission of the texts of Byron's 'The Vision of Judgement.' (Lord Byron)
September 1, 1994... In his Clarendon Byron, Professor McGann gives some tantalizing glimpses into the business of the botched publication of Byron's The Vision of Judgement, and into the transmission of the text.(1) Readers may be interested in more. John...

Attribution of panorama painter's diary.
September 1, 1994... It is well known that Thomas Arnold and John Keble became friends during their Oxford years, only to part ways in the 1830s when they could not compose their disagreements over the future of the Church of England. As befitted a friendship...

Thomas Arnold and Keble's 'Christian Year.'
September 1, 1994... Circumstantial evidence points to Henry Courtney Selous (1803-90), British painter, lithographer, illustrator and author, as the author of an unsigned diary held in the Special Collections of the National Art Gallery at the Victoria and...

New light on Henry Cockton.
September 1, 1994... HENRY COCKTON is one of the lesser known novelists of the age of Dickens. His entry in The Dictionary of National Biography relies on brief and uninformative details provided by his son, `a mere boy when his father died'. The lack of...

'Fresh fields and pastures new.' (misquotations of the last lines of John Milton's poem 'Lycidas')
September 1, 1994... IN the Oxford Standard Edition of Milton's poems, the concluding line of `Lycidas, reads To morrow to fresh Woods, and Pastures new. And thus, with some variation in pointing and capitalization, the line reads in a score of other...

Two oblique allusions in 'Our Mutual Friend.'
September 1, 1994... OUR MUTUAL FRIEND is stocked with images of arrested development. One could mention, among other instances, the recourse that Eugene Wrayburn makes to nursery rhymes in Book I, Chapter 2 and Book II, Chapter 6 - `The old nursery form runs,...

Browning's bishop and St Praxed's 'work.' (analysis of Robert Browning's poetic monologue 'The Bishop Orders His Tomb')
September 1, 1994... `THE Bishop Orders His Tomb' is, by general assent, one of Browning's most stylistically sophisticated, imagistically dense, and dramatically successfull monologues. The enthusiastic critical responses that it has evoked have tended, however,...

Swinburne's noble deed? ( an act of gallantry of the English poet Algernon Charles Swinburne)
September 1, 1994... THE romantic life of Algernon Charles Swinburne continues to be mysterious. Every clue, no matter how fugitive, seems worth our attention, in the hope that at some later date a better-informed scholarly eye will be in a position to fit some...

The bow-bend in Hopkins's 'Windhover.' (Gerald Manley Hopkins)
September 1, 1994... ALTHOUGH the ambiguities in the sestet of `The Windhover' have elicited screeds of commentary and debate, the octave of the sonnet has proved much less difficult to construe. In my opinion, however, `bow-bend' constitutes a minor crux,...

A date and source for Swinburne's 'The Statue of John Brute.' (Algernon Charles Swinburne)
September 1, 1994... IN 1978, Michael Darling and David Latham printed for private circulation thirty copies of a short unpublished prose piece by A. C. Swinburne, The Statue of John Brute.(1) In 1933 Mario Praz identified the story in passing as a parody of...

Mat Arnold's burnt hand: an unpublished early Matthew Arnold letter.
September 1, 1994... ARTHUR KYLE DAVIS JR's Matthew Arnold's Letters A Descriptive Checklist (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia, 1968) records only three Matthew Arnold letters known to exist prior to 1842 (see p. 3). Clinton Machann and the late...

Matthew Arnold and Oscar Wilde's Commonplace Book.
September 1, 1994... IN view of the numerous references to Matthew Arnold in Wilde's works and letters, it is curious that mention should have been made of him only twice in the Commonplace Book (CB) which Wilde had kept in the years 1874-9.(1) Appearances,...

Oscar Wilde's celebrated remark on Bernard Shaw.
September 1, 1994... IN The Trembling of the Veil (1922), W.B. Yeats recorded a now-famous remark made by Oscar Wilde concerning Bernard Shaw: Mr. Bernard Shaw has no enemies but is intensely disliked by all his friends.' It was, Yeats. said. `a phrase I should...

A Homeric epithet in 'The Critic as Artist.'
September 1, 1994... IN the pageant of the artists of ancient Greece evoked in Wilde's great dialogue (July/September 1890), it is remarked of the sculptor that `the hyacinth-like curls grew crisp beneath his graver'. Even in the most authoritative edition of the...

A source for 'Pen, Pencil and Poison.'
September 1, 1994... ACCORDING to Jacqueline Evans, as reported by Ian Small, Oscar Wilde, in `Pen, Pencil and Poison', made use of two `principal sources of information': `The first and most obvious source was William Carew Hazlitt's 1880 edition of...

A hitherto unnoticed review by Wilde. (Oscar Wilde)
September 1, 1994... RELATIVELY little has come to light in the way of original biographical material since I published D. H. Lawrence: The Early Years(1) in September 1991. But less than a month after the biography's publication I discovered, in the Lawrence...

Periodical grubbings.
September 1, 1994... The Thrush THE THRUSH, a largely forgotten short-lived periodical, ran for six monthly numbers from December 1909 to May 1910. In addition to the poetry, which made up a large part of each number, there were also a few `Articles' and...

Another letter of Dr Greg's.
September 1, 1994... F. C. FRANCIS lists a letter of W. W. Greg's to the editor of The Nation of London (5 February 1916) titled `England and the Allies, in his `List of Dr. Greg's Writings, in The Library, 4th series, xxvi, M. The letter should be put in...

Envoy: reviews of Eliot, Spender, Auden and Stein. (T.S. Eliot, Stephen Spender, W.H. Auden and Gertrude Stein)
September 1, 1994... IN Ulysses, Blazes Boylan wagers and loses on the racehorse Sceptre in the Ascot Gold Cup. The text refers to Sceptre variously as a filly and a mare. In `Ulysses' Annotated by D. Gifford and R. J. Seidman,(1) the authors insist in four...

The sex of Sceptre: an error in '''Ulysses' Annotated.'
September 1, 1994... ENVOY. A REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND ART, nineteen numbers, December 1949 to July 1951, was published in Dublin. John Ryan was Editor, Valentin Iremonger was Poetry Editor, and J. K. Hillman was Associate Editor. Some reviews in the periodical...

A letter of Ezra Pound's.
September 1, 1994... HUMPHREY CARPENTER prints a letter Pound wrote to Harriet Monroe in her capacity as `Editress' of Poetry magazine, a letter Miss Monroe chose not to print.(1) Miss Monroe did, however, print another letter addressed to her by Pound. A number...

Further additions to the bibliographies of E.M. Forster and Virginia Woolf.
September 1, 1994... THE wide scattering of their published writings in literary periodicals, monthlies, and the daily press make the attempt to document the published writings of E. M. Forster and Virginia Woolf especially challenging. Thus, the standard...

A source for the 'auditory imagination'?
September 1, 1994... AS a man Eliot had his own convictions (`classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic in religion'(1)) and so, as a man of letters, he was keen to warn against the error, prevalent nowadays, of mistaking explanation for...

T.S. Eliot's 'A Cooking Egg.'
September 1, 1994... T. S. ELIOT's `A Cooking Egg', first published in the May-Day 1919 issue of Coterie, contains this memorably witty rhyme: I shall not want Honour in Heaven For I shall meet Sir Philip Sidney And have talk with Coriolanus And other heroes...

Gardens and toads or, Milton - another fly in Marianne Moore's amber?
September 1, 1994... RICHARD GRAY in his excellent American Poetry of the Twentieth Century, discussing Marianne Moore's view of poetry, writes of probably her best known poem thus: What matters is the how of poetry: how a thing is perceived, how it is felt,...

Faulkner and Sassoon. (William Faulkner and English poet Siegfried Sassoon)
September 1, 1994... WE learn from his principal biographer, Joseph Blotner, that in 1925 Faulkner wrote a short essay on `Literature and War'. The essay addressed the use of First World War material by two novelists - Barbusse and Mottram - and two poets -...

F. Scott Fitzgerald's American swastika: the prohibition underworld and 'The Great Gatsby.'
September 1, 1994... BECAUSE one of Meyer Wolfsheim's enterprises is called the Swastika Holding Company, modern readers of The Great Gatsby are likely to credit Fitzgeraid with a nearly prescient awareness of Nazism. Such an awareness on Fitzgerald's part is not...

John Trevisa.
September 1, 1994... Fowler, D. C., John Trevisa. Pp. iv + 57 (Authors of the Middle Ages, 2, English Writers of the Late Middle Ages). Aldershot: Variorum, 1993. Paperbound. THE stated aim of this new series of literary biographies is to give `the facts...

Ortnit and Wolfdietrich: Two Medieval Romances.
September 1, 1994... Thomas, J. W. (trans. and ed.), Ortnit and Wolfdietrich. Two Medieval Romances. Pp. xxviii + 97 (Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture, vol. 23). Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1986. THESE two interrelated...

The Best Novellas of Medieval Germany: Translated with an Introduction.
September 1, 1994... Thomas, J.W., The Best Novellas of Medieval Germany: Translated with an Introduction. Pp. vii + 104 (Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture, vol. 17). Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1984. THE volume contains...

Kudrun.
September 1, 1994... McConnell, W. (trans.), Kudrun, Pp. xxi + 182 (Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture). Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House, 1992. THE epic of Kudrun, the written form of which probably dates from the first half of the...

The Renaissance Dialogue: Literary Dialogue in its Social and Political Contexts, Castiglione to Galileo.
September 1, 1994... Cox, V., The Renaissance Dialogue: Literary Dialogue in its Social and Political Contexts, Castiglione to Galileo. Pp. xiv + 236 (Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture, vol. 2). Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Cambridge...

Shakespeare, Harsnett, and the Devils of Denham.
September 1, 1994... Samuel Harsnett is now remembered only, if at all, for the fact that his book denouncing exorcism, A Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures, was an influence on King Lear, inspiring various details of Edgar's disguise as Poor Tom and, in...

Much Ado About Nothing.
September 1, 1994... MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING, commented John Russell Brown, will not `betray its secret to... piecemeal criticism'.(1) That is certainly not what it is offered by either of these editions, though they distribute their riches differently. Zitner...

Hamlet versus Lear: Cultural Politics and Shakespeare's Art.
September 1, 1994... HAMLET versus Lear: Cultural Politics and Shakespeare's Art tendentiously juxtaposes two competing concerns: the overdetermined field of `cultural politics' and the literary criticism generated from within its aegis, and an author-based,...

Madness and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare.
September 1, 1994... HAMLET versus Lear: Cultural Politics and Shakespeare's Art tendentiously juxtaposes two competing concerns: the overdetermined field of `cultural politics' and the literary criticism generated from within its aegis, and an author-based,...

Drama and the Market in the Age of Shakespeare.
September 1, 1994... THE rapid urban expansion of London between 1576 and 1642, with its resident population growing from 180,000 to 350,000, recalls William Empson's apt observation that `the arts are produced by overcrowding'. Playhouses were frequently...

Theatre and Reformation: Protestantism, Patronage and Playing in Tudor England.
September 1, 1994... THE rapid urban expansion of London between 1576 and 1642, with its resident population growing from 180,000 to 350,000, recalls William Empson's apt observation that `the arts are produced by overcrowding'. Playhouses were frequently...

John Gee's 'Foot Out of the Snare.'
September 1, 1994... JOHN GEE's The Foot Out of the Snare: with a detection of sundry late practices and impostures of the priests and Jesuites in England is a brief (fifty-five pages in this edition) and typical, even predictable, anti-Romish (and more...

John Clavell 1601-43: Highwayman, Author, Lawyer, Doctor.
September 1, 1994... THE life of John Clavell, if his own and contemporary accounts are taken at face value, makes that of Defoe's Moll Flanders seems rather ordinary. Born into a respectable Dorsetshire family and sent up to Brasenose College, Oxford, he veered...

Pilgrim's Progress, Puritan Progress: Discourses and Contexts.
September 1, 1994... AS Professor Swaim's title suggests, this is a close examination of Pilgrim's Progress itself but also of the contexts, literary and historical, in which it is to be understood. She considers both Parts in relation to his other works and `his...

Without God or Reason: The Plays of Thomas Shadwell and Secular Ethics in the Restoration.
September 1, 1994... THIS book is an important work for the study of Restoration drama in particular and for Restoration literary and cultural history in general. One should not be put off because the ostensible subject matter is the plays of Shadwell, who, to...

Crime and Defoe: A New Kind of Writing.
September 1, 1994... IT is testimony to the persuasive power of Defoe's imaginative narratives that in this learned and intellectually sophisticated modern study Lincoln Faller sometimes speaks of the protagonists of what he calls `Defoe's pseudo criminal...

Telling People What to Think: Early Eighteenth-Century Periodicals from The Review to The Rambler.
September 1, 1994... THIS brief but useful volume, which first appeared in a special issue of Prose Studies, comprises a short introduction by Downie and Corns and then separate essays on the Review (Downie), Tatler (Calhoun Winton), Examiner (Bill Speck),...

Miscellanies by Henry Fielding, Esq., vol. 2.
September 1, 1994... THE latest volume in the Wesleyan Fielding series is the second volume of the Miscellanies to be published: the first, edited by Henry Knight Miller, appeared in 1972. There is still one more volume to go, as the Wesleyan editors have decided...

A Preface to Samuel Johnson.
September 1, 1994... `OF the making of many books there is no end', and frequently that final word can only mean `purpose'. It is dispiriting to find that someone can write a book on Johnson to no end, not least when the work is the effect of some diligence, and...

'The Fictions of Romantick Chivalry': Samuel Johnson and Romance.
September 1, 1994... Those who are content to see Johnson as a `man of maxims' can easily cite Rambler 4, where heroic romance, is lightly caricatured as a `wild strain of imagination... produced without fear of criticism, without the toil of study, without...

Gothic Writing: 1750-1820, A Genealogy.
September 1, 1994... Gothic continues to be so popular a site for critical investigation that its problematic corpus is like a medical demonstration dummy - a figure that can be safely used to illustrate almost any type of bandaging or First Aid procedure. By...

The New Oxford Book of Romantic Period Verse.
September 1, 1994... The inclusion of the adjective period, in this title has obliged the editor to maintain a balance between unquestionably major poetry and work by second-order writers. Every reader has his own ideas on what ought to be included in an...

The Return of the Visible in British Romanticism.
September 1, 1994... This is not a flawless book. It begins creakily, as Galperin places himself within the field of modem theory, a manoeuvre that has come to seem almost obligatory, but is not much to the point when Galperin's own argument is not really...

'Paradise Lost' and the Romantic Reader.
September 1, 1994... Jerome McGann is the critic who, more than any others, has argued for the `indeterminacy' of Romantic texts, where both the writing and the reading of them rely on context and can be open to opposed readings. Lucy Newlyn persuasively locates...

Robert Surtees and Early Victorian Society.
September 1, 1994... It may be said of Jorrocks as has been said of Johnson, that there can be little wrong with anyone who admires him. Both figure in the pantheon of English mythic `John Bull' characters. It was remarked of Johnson hunting on Brighton downs,...

Blake: The Complete Poems, 2d ed.
September 1, 1994... This second edition of the Longman Blake differs from the first (1971) in several respects: the lately discovered poem, The Phoenix to Mrs Butts', is included; The Four Zoas and `The Everlasting Gospel' have been rearranged, and a small group...

Constructive Vision and Visionary Deconstruction: Los, Eternity and the Productions of Time in the Later Poetry of William Blake.
September 1, 1994... This second edition of the Longman Blake differs from the first (1971) in several respects: the lately discovered poem, The Phoenix to Mrs Butts', is included; The Four Zoas and `The Everlasting Gospel' have been rearranged, and a small group...

Victorian Yellowbacks and Paperbacks: 1849-1905, vol.1, George Routledge.
September 1, 1994... The history of nineteenth-century yellowback publishing is an under-investigated one. Small, inexpensively board-covered books sold mainly at railway bookstalls and newstands, the yellowback was one of the main sources by which publishers...

Browning's Hatreds.
September 1, 1994... At a time when secondhand bookshops consider Browning a drug on the market, two very different books propose new perspectives on his work. Daniel Karlin wrestles with the slippery subject of Browning as a hater. E. A. W. St George proposes...

Browning and Conversation.
September 1, 1994... At a time when secondhand bookshops consider Browning a drug on the market, two very different books propose new perspectives on his work. Daniel Karlin wrestles with the slippery subject of Browning as a hater. E. A. W. St George proposes...

George Eliot.
September 1, 1994... This volume is part of the Macmillan Modern Novelists Series which aims to provide `an introduction to the fiction of the writer concerned, both for those approaching him or her for the first time and for those who are already familiar with...

Romola.
September 1, 1994... `The finest effort to reanimate the past is of course only approximative - is always more or less an infusion of the modem spirit into the ancient form'. So wrote Eliot of historical fiction in her `Silly Novels' review of 1856. All the same,...

George Eliot.
September 1, 1994... `The finest effort to reanimate the past is of course only approximative - is always more or less an infusion of the modem spirit into the ancient form'. So wrote Eliot of historical fiction in her `Silly Novels' review of 1856. All the same,...

Tess of the d'Urbervilles: Contemporary Critical Essays.
September 1, 1994... Sooner or later, the student reader of Hardy,s novels will encounter the question engendered by Hardy's addition of his (in)famous subtitle to Tess of the d'Urbervilles: is Tess Durbeyfield, or is she not, a 'pure woman'? With his detailed...