Footsteps articles from September 2004

Footsteps archives from September 2004

Re-con-struc-tion?
September 1, 2004... When the Civil War (1861-1865) ended with a victory for the North, the United States faced several difficult new issues: How would the defeated Southern states relate to the Union after four years of bloody warfare? How and under what terms...

The 10% plan.(Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction)
September 1, 2004... The death and destruction during the Civil War begged the question: How could Northerners and Southerners ever live and work together again? Trying to end the war and heal the nation engrossed Abraham Lincoln's presidency. For Lincoln,...

Picking up the pieces.(songs of rebuilding)
September 1, 2004... There was a lot of rebuilding to do in the South after the Civil War. Singing a song while you build makes the time go by faster. Can you rebuild, below, the names of songs the builders might have sung?. Fit together the bricks to build the...

The power of literacy.
September 1, 2004... "Education and slavery were incompatible with each other," wrote black abolitionist Frederick Douglass. As a young slave in Baltimore, Maryland, Douglass had overheard his owner declare that "learning would spoil" the best slave in the world,...

The Freedmen's Bureau.
September 1, 2004... The Civil War forced families out of their homes. It also destroyed crops, turned fertile fields into barren wilderness, and stopped the importing of consumer goods from Europe. By 1865, many Southerners, both black and white, were homeless and...

Black Codes.
September 1, 2004... After the Civil War, African Americans could no longer be owned as slaves. But the rules of freedom remained unwritten. Abraham Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson, allowed former slaveholders and the politicians and officers who had served the...

A military choice.(14th Amendment)
September 1, 2004... Under President Andrew Johnson's plan of restoration, Southern voters had elected Confederate officers to Congress, and the new state governments had adopted Black Codes. Northern congressmen condemned these actions and refused to readmit...

A voice in government.(freedmen)
September 1, 2004... At the end of the Civil War, the question of what rights the freedpeople would possess remained undefined. The 13th Amendment ended slavery but was silent on the larger--and more controversial--matter of political, social, and economic rights....

Scott Bond of Arkansas.(Biography)
September 1, 2004... Scott Winfield Bond was born a slave in 1852 in Mississippi. His father was his owner's nephew. His mother was a house servant. At age five, he went with his mother and stepfather to a farm in Arkansas that belonged to their owner. During the...

Carpetbaggers and scalawags.
September 1, 2004... The Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 marked the beginning of a period of political, economic, and social change in the South called Radical Reconstruction. Behind this movement was a group of activist politicians known as the Radical...

The ku klux klan.
September 1, 2004... In December 1865, six young men living in Pulaski, Tennessee, founded a social club. College-educated buddies from prominent families, all had served as Confederate officers. As a name for their group, they settled on kuklos (Greek for...

Juneteenth: freedom jubilee: come one! Come all! Join the celebration of Juneteenth!
September 1, 2004... Fire up the barbecue and break out your baseball glove because next summer, a grand celebration of freedom is coming to a city near you. Each year on June 19, African Americans around the country gather to celebrate the day that Texan slaves...

Throw a Juneteenth party.
September 1, 2004... You do not have to wait until June to celebrate freedom "Juneteenth" style. The suggestions below will help you plan the perfect emancipation party any time of the year! Decorations: * Use red balloons, streamers, paper chains,...

Impeachment!(Andrew Johnson)
September 1, 2004... The trouble began in the summer of 1865. President Johnson began to implement his own version of Reconstruction while Congress was in recess. Johnson quickly invited rebel states back into the Union and pardoned scores of ex-Confederate...

Revolution in reverse.(black voters)
September 1, 2004... Across the South, many whites refused to accept the legitimacy of the Republican party and of black voter participation after Reconstruction ended. In numerous states, white Democrats went on the offensive against their black (and white)...

A noble experiment.(Reflections And Memories)(Black Reconstruction in America: 1860-1880)
September 1, 2004... In 1935, the African American the African American scholar and activist W. E. B. Du Bois published Black Reconstruction in America: 1860-1880, a pathbreaking work exploring the momentous and uneven transition from slavery to freedom. Until that...

Civil rights 1866 & 1964.(Then And Now)
September 1, 2004... What are civil rights? Civil rights consist of all the benefits to which you are entitled because of your status as a citizen of the United States. They might include the right to fair treatment by your employer, your school, the police, the...

Treasure of world literature.(Your Pages)(Letter to the Editor)
September 1, 2004... The treasures of world literature Are books that involve our history And great battles fought and lost. Most of them have gone in history With the great men that have fought The great wars of all time. That's how we learn about our...

Guy Bluford.(Your Pages)(Biography)
September 1, 2004... Back in 1942, Guy Bluford was born. He Was the first African American to travel to space. He and four Other astronauts started their first six-day flight. Guy Bluford also PartiCipated in motion-sickness experiments.

Black Stars of Civil War Times: African Americans Who Lived Their Dreams.(Brief Article)(Children's Review)(Book Review)
September 1, 2004... Black Stars of Civil War Times: African Americans Who Lived Their Dreams general editor, Jim Haskins (Wiley, 2003, www.wiley.com) uses chapters on Congressman Robert Smalls, Thomas "Blind Tom" Greene Bethune, Booker T. Washington, and others...

The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Student Companion.(Brief Article)(Children's Review)(Book Review)
September 1, 2004... The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Student Companion by William L. Barney (Oxford, 2001, www.oup.com) includes 245 concise, accurate, and informational entries, listed alphabetically, on the people, events, documents, battles, economy,...

Opposing Viewpoints in World History: Reconstruction.(Brief Article)(Book Review)
September 1, 2004... Opposing Viewpoints in World History: Reconstruction edited by Laura K. Egendorf(Greenhaven Press, 2004, www.gale.com) includes four well-researched and well-presented main chapters: Reconstructing a Nation-Opposing Plans, Conflicts during...

Cobblestone resources.(Bibliography)
September 1, 2004... Materials that complement this issue on "Civil War Reconstruction" and are available from Cobblestone Publishing: "Thurgood Marshall and Civil Rights" (FTP0303) "W. E. B. Du Bois" (COB0002) "Abraham Lincoln" (COB9405) "Antislavery...

On the net.(Web sites)
September 1, 2004... For an excellent site with many links to primary sources related to the Civil War and Reconstruction, go to: www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook27.html Here's a great site from the Library of Congress, with links to a variety of other...

Thomas Greene Wiggins.(Let's Find Out)(Biography)
September 1, 2004... Born blind to enslaved parents in Georgia in 1849, Thomas Greene Wiggins was always interested in sounds. By age six, he was able to pick out tunes on the piano and compose music. His musical education included study with some of the best...

Charlotte Hawkins Brown.(Let's Find Out)
September 1, 2004... In 1902, Charlotte Hawkins Brown founded the Palmer Memorial Institute in Sedalia, North Carolina, and served as its president for 50 years, before retiring in 1952. A vocational school at first, it later became a nationally renowned academic...

African Americans in the news--past and present.(In The Know)(black towns)
September 1, 2004... More than 100 black towns were founded between 1865 and 1900. About 12 survive today. These independent communities were also known as "race colonies." African Americans banded together for protection and the opportunity to determine their own...