The English Historical Review articles from September 1994

The English Historical Review archives from September 1994

Peacemaking and its limits in late medieval Norwich. (Norwich, England)
September 1, 1994... 2. The causes of urban unrest have received extensive treatment from historians representing a variety of approaches: Rodney Hilton, Bond Men Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381 (London, 1973), pp. 170-206; Susan...

The political beliefs of John Pym to 1629. (British parliamentarian in the 17th century)
September 1, 1994... 3. Ibid., p. 157; cf. another version of Eliot's words, p. 223. 4. Ibid., p. 7. 5. Ibid., p. 224. 1. See, e.g., Eliot's attack on Arminianism in his speeches on religion on 19 January and 3 February: ibid., pp. 24-8, 33-4. 2. See...

How green was my valance?: environmental arsenic poisoning and the Victorian domestic ideal.
September 1, 1994... 'AFTER my work in the City', confided the fictional clerk, Charles Pooter, to his diary, 'I like to be at home. What's the good of a home, if you are never in it? "Home, Sweet Home", that's my motto.'(1) As quintessentially English and Victorian...

The struggle on the Czech-German language border, 1880-1940.
September 1, 1994... the long ethnic struggle had become ever more radical in the wake of the Badeni crisis and was now taking more extreme forms in both the Czech and German camps: one notable example was the emergence of the DAP which, with its obsessive defence of...

The 'Paraphrase' by Themistios of Aristotle's 'De Anima,' and St. Thomas Aquinas. (fictional character in Aristotle's dialogues) (Notes and Documents)
September 1, 1994... ONE of the urgent needs of research into the thirteenth-century translations from Greek into Latin of philosophical and scientific writings is the assured identification of their sources. L. Minio-Paluello has stressed that hitherto we could...

Living and Dying in England, 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience.
September 1, 1994... IN A characteristically generous tribute to the scholars who drew the maps which adorn her absorbing volume, Miss Harvey seems almost on the point of suggesting that their work might outlive her own. 'Books come and go.' Indeed they do; but no...

English Law in the Age of the Black Death, 1348-1381: A Transformation of Governance and Law.
September 1, 1994... IN THIS provocative and demanding study, Robert C. Palmer argues that the Black Death had an immediate and transformative impact on English justice, turning the law into the principal mechanism by which political society sought to re-establish...

English Preaching in the Late Middle Ages.
September 1, 1994... WHEN will the definitive history of preaching in late medieval England be written? G. R. Owst's pre-war volumes are still the standard works, despite much research since their publication. This has often considered particular texts or contexts,...

The Personal Rule of Charles I.
September 1, 1994... DR Sharpe's huge study of a crucial decade in English political history took him a decade to research and write. It is formidably learned, displaying a quite remarkable command of primary sources ranging from official papers to correspondence,...

Monarchie in der burgerlichen Gesellschaft: Deutschland und England von 1640 bis 1848.
September 1, 1994... THIS is an ambitious work. It sets out to analyse changing perceptions of monarchy in Britain and Germany (by which is here meant Prussia and Bavaria) from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth. Such a comparison between very different...

Englishmen and Jews: Social Relations and Political Culture, 1840-1914.
September 1, 1994... Over the past quarter-century the writing of Anglo-Jewish history has undergone a revolution. The sanitized, meliorist, 'Whig' histories of Albert Hyamson and Cecil Roth have been replaced by a realist school of younger researchers (by no means...

The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain.
September 1, 1994... THIS volume, part textbook and part personal interpretation, suffers from problems of organization and nomenclature. It does not deal with all Liberal government in Victorian Britain, as its detailed treatment stops at 1886, thus omitting the...

Weimar, 1918-1933: Die Geschichte der ersten deutschen Demokratie.
September 1, 1994... THE importance of the Weimar Republic in the history of twentieth-century Germany and Europe continues to be emphasized by both the general and monographic literature, of which the works by Heinrich August Winkler, a prolific and distinguished...

Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931-1936.
September 1, 1994... THESE three volumes significantly enhance English-language historiography of Spain between 1931 and 1975. If Dr Ellwood's Franco seems like a beginner's guide in the shadow of Professor Preston's more substantial and well-crafted full-length...

Churchill.
September 1, 1994... IF THIS collection of twenty-nine essays confirms that the world of Churchill studies is capacious, it also prompts the reflection that it is a curious place. The jacket cover proclaims the volume to be a 'Major New Assessment', while press...

Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War.
September 1, 1994... DUNKIRK was still a vivid memory when three young journalists -- Michael Foot, Peter Howard and Frank Owen -- published in 1940 the first real appeasement book, Guilty Men. The slim volume, pseudonymously credited to 'Cato', condemned the...

Stone: Quarrying and Building in England, AD 43-1525.
September 1, 1994... The conference which was the inspiration of David Parsons's Stone. Quarrying and Building in England, AD 43-1525 turned out to be 'as stimulating as expected'. That was a relief. But Mr Parsons should not have been surprised at the 'ability of...

Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons.
September 1, 1994... Maritime Celts, Frisians and Saxons, contains at least three papers likely to be of interest to Anglo-Saxon historians. In the most substantial of them Ian Wood at first seems to suggest that until c.300 the chief threat in the Channel came from...

L'Aube du moyen age: Naissance de la chretiente occidentale. La vie religieuse des laics dans l'Europe carolingienne, 750-900.
September 1, 1994... Those who assume that L'Aube du moyen age. Naissance de la chretiente occidentale. La vie religieuse des laics dans l'Europe carolingienne, 750-900, because of its publication date, will constitute a forward-looking, pioneering book, or even one...

From Slavery to Feudalism in South-Western Europe.
September 1, 1994... The seminal work of Pierre Bonnassie on the social history of medieval Catalonia has been insufficiently appreciated among British historians. All the warmer should be the welcome for the publication of ten of his essays in translation as From...

The Origins of Peasant Servitude in Medieval Catalonia.
September 1, 1994... In The Origins of Peasant Servitude in Medieval Catalonia, Paul Freedman examines the same social landscape from which Bonnassie started out, but over a much longer time-span. His book is a history of the Catalan peasantry from the establishment...

The Battle of Maldon.
September 1, 1994... The battle of Maldon and the poem which commemorates it pose many problems. The date of the battle is confused by different versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Locating the poem in time and space is complicated by the loss of the only, and...

Early Medieval Surrey. Landholding, Church and Settlement before 1300.
September 1, 1994... John Blair's contribution to the history of the minster in the last few years is well known. His Early Medieval Surrey. Landholding, Church and Settlement before 1300 has been long in the making, being his doctoral thesis of 1976 finally reworked...

Women Religious: The Founding of English Nunneries after the Norman Conquest.
September 1, 1994... Thirty years ago a reviewer of the last volume of David Knowles's classic work on the religious orders concluded with a question: 'one last point: ubi sorores?' The reason for Knowles's neglect of the sisters was, of course, the dearth of the...

Thirteenth Century England, vol. 3.
September 1, 1994... The third collection of papers to emerge from the Newcastle upon Tyne conference, Thirteenth Century England, vol. iii, comprises thirteen essays ranging across a wide spectrum of political, legal and art history. The fact that the present...

Die englischen Kronzeugen: 1130-1330.
September 1, 1994... Under English medieval criminal law it was possible for men accused or suspected of certain types of serious offence to turn 'approver': to confess their guilt and then make a formal accusation against their associates in crime and attempt to...

The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke, 1253-1255.
September 1, 1994... In 1241 Mongol armies invaded Hungary and Poland, one contingent reaching the Adriatic coast. Innocent IV, while not abandoning a military option, decided on a diplomatic approach to this startling new menace and in the mid-1240s three missions...

The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades: 1191-1374.
September 1, 1994... The kingdom of Cyprus, which has some claim to be regarded as the most successful of the Latin states in the eastern Mediterranean, has not been the object of a major scholarly study since the second volume of Sir George Hill's History of Cyprus...

Fideles Crucis: The Papacy, the West and the Recovery of the Holy Land, 1274-1314.
September 1, 1994... The fall of Acre in 1291 may have marked the end of Latin rule in the Holy Land, but the idea that Europe might yet launch a crusade and restore the Kingdom of Jerusalem was to remain potent for a long time to come. Views about how such a...

Before the Black Death: Studies in the 'Crisis' of the Early Fourteenth Century.
September 1, 1994... The first half of the fourteenth century has often been seen as a pivotal episode in the social and economic history of the Middle Ages. It marked the end of growth, and the first stage of two centuries of reduced population. Professor Sir...

Council and Hierarchy: The Political Thought of William Durant the Younger.
September 1, 1994... In Council and Hierarchy. The Political Thought of William Durant the Younger (Cambridge: U.P., 1991; pp. xix + 416. [pounds]37.50), Constantin Fasolt has attempted a reassessment of the legal theory of the nephew of William Durant the Elder....

Islamic Spain: 1250 to 1500.
September 1, 1994... The publishers make grandiose claims for Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500, by L. P. Harvey (Chicago/London: U. of Chicago P., 1990; pp. xvi + 370. $47), and for once, many of them are justified. This synthetic work on the last three centuries of a...

Enterprise and Individuals in Fifteenth-Century England.
September 1, 1994... The fifteenth century, the editor and contributors to Enterprise and Individuals in Fifteenth-Century England, ed. Jennifer Kermode (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1991; pp. xiii + 156. [pounds]24) tell us, was a pivotal period of concentrated economic and...

Charity and Children in Renaissance Florence: The Ospedale degli Innocenti, 1410-1536.
September 1, 1994... Charity and Children in Renaissance Florence. The Ospedale degli Innocenti, 1410-1536, by Philip Gavitt (Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan P., 1991; PP. 330. [pounds]25) is a lively and lucid examination of one of the most prominent social institutions...

The Theology of John Fisher.
September 1, 1994... Richard Rex's The Theology of John Fisher (Cambridge: U.P., 1991; pp. xii + 293- [pounds]30) is a remarkable first book. Following on from his contribution to Brendan Bradshaw and Eamon Duffy (eds.), Humanism, Reform and the Reformation. The...

Parliament under the Tudors.
September 1, 1994... Perhaps the time has come to resolve yet another debate among historians in a manner comprehensible to students, and it is this task that Jennifer Loach has in effect undertaken in her Parliament under the Tudors (Oxford: Clarendon P., 1991; pp....

Lille and the Dutch Revolt: Urban Stability in an Era of Revolution, 1500-1582.
September 1, 1994... Lille, metropolis of the provinces of Walloon Flanders, was an island of stability surrounded on three sides by centres of rebellion against the Spanish government of the Netherlands. Moreover, at a time when there were strong Calvinist movements...

Freewill or Predestination: The Battle over Saving Grace in Mid-Tudor England.
September 1, 1994... The subtitle of D. Andrew Penny's Freewill or Predestination. The Battle over Saving Grace in Mid-Tudor England (Woodbridge: Boydell P., for the Royal Historical Soc., 1990; pp. 249. [pounds]35) explains its content, which is an exploration of...

Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair.
September 1, 1994... Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair, by John Bossy (New Haven/London: Yale U.P., 1991; pp. xix + 294. [pounds]16.95) is a sixteenth-century spy story, set in the years of cold war between Spain and England. It commences in 1583, when Philip's...

Ships, Money and Politics: Seafaring and Naval Enterprise in the Reign of Charles I.
September 1, 1994... Professor Kenneth R. Andrews's place in the first rank of maritime historians has been long established. His readers will be delighted, though not surprised, to find that his emeritus dignity has in no way diminished his zest for iconoclasm. The...

The University of Cambridge and the English Revolution, 1625-1688.
September 1, 1994... During recent decades there has been an unprecedented boom in the study of university history. Although some might want to argue that this typifies a profession increasingly turned in on itself, there is in fact nothing reprehensible about...

From Oxenstierna to Charles XII: Four Studies.
September 1, 1994... The publication of Michael Roberts's From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four Studies (Cambridge: U.P., 1991; pp. ix + 203. [pounds]27.50) is evidence that after a very long and distinguished career, Professor Roberts still has important...

The Material Word: Literate Culture in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century.
September 1, 1994... Richard W. F. Kroll in The Material Word. Literate Culture in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century (Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins U.P., 1991; pp. xxii + 420.[pounds]30.50) has produced an interesting exercise in cultural history as it...

Sidney Godolphin, Lord Treasurer, 1702-1710.
September 1, 1994... Ever since the mid-1960s the politics of the reign of Queen Anne has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention. Many archives have been opened up to historians for the first time and many monographs, articles and doctoral theses have been...

Defoe's Politics: Parliament, Power, Kingship and Robinson Crusoe.
September 1, 1994... Manuel Schonhorn's Defoe's Politics. Parliament, Power, Kingship and Robinson Crusoe (Cambridge: U.P., 1991; pp. xiii + 174. [pounds]25) appears as the ninth in the series 'Cambridge Studies in Eighteenth-Century English Literature and Thought.'...

Reason, Grace, and Sentiment: A Study of the Language of Religion and Ethics in England, 1660-1780, vol. 1, Whichcote to Wesley.
September 1, 1994... Eighteenth-century theology once seemed a bloodless realm, drained of vitality and deprived of engagement with its parent society. This began to change as scholars recovered first theology's scientific, then its political dimension; but it may be...

Amphibious Warfare in the Eighteenth Century: The British Expedition to the West Indies, 1740-1742.
September 1, 1994... Not so long ago it could be objected that much naval and military history tended to the uncritical celebration of national glory, more interested in praising famous men than in exploring the circumstances which made victory possible, and not...

Von der alten Stadt zur neuen Munizipalitat: Die Auswirkungen der Franzosischen Revolution in den linksrheinischen Stadten Speyer und Koblenz.
September 1, 1994... Was the death of the Holy Roman Empire a case of murder or suicide? Although it is not his main purpose, Jurgen Muller shows in Von der alten Stadt zur neuen Munizipalitat. Die Auswirkungen der Franzosischen Revolution in den linksrheinischen...

Bonapartism and Revolutionary Tradition in France.
September 1, 1994... R. S. Alexander, in Bonapartism and Revolutionary Tradition in France. The Federes of 1815 (Cambridge: U.P. 1991; pp. xii + 314. [pounds]35), studies the paramilitary political associations which supported Napoleon during the Hundred Days. In...

La Revolution de juillet: 1830.
September 1, 1994... Volumes published under the aegis of 'The Friends of Spartacus' are devoted to the objective defined by the founder of the series in 1934, of 'restoring revolutionary values to the widest possible public' and thereby promoting 'the workers'...

Ranters, Revivalists and Reformers.
September 1, 1994... R. W. Ambler's Ranters, Revivalists and Reformers (Hull: U.P., 1989; pp. xii + 165. Pb. [pounds]7.50) is a study of Primitive Methodism in south Lincolnshire between 1817 and 1875. It will inevitably be compared with James Obelkevich's pioneering...

The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain: 1829-1860.
September 1, 1994... From the bland perspectives of modern ecumenism and withered ecclesiology it is only too easy to regard the nineteenth-century culture of anti-Catholicism as a species of ignorant fanaticism. Where it achieved authentic popular support...

Voyages au pays des mangeurs de grenouilles: La France vue par les Britanniques du XVII siecle a nos jours.
September 1, 1994... According to Paul Gerbod, the images and prejudices with which English visitors have approached and returned from France have been remarkably consistent over the last two hundred years: 'de William Pitt a Margaret Thatcher, il s'est elabore,...

The Passing of Barchester.
September 1, 1994... Clive Dewey's The Passing of Barchester (London/Rio Grande, Oh.: Hambledon P., 1991; pp. xvii + 199. [pounds]14.95) would be best read beside a window in the precincts of a cathedral somewhere in southern England as one awaits the bell for...

'Shattered Nerves': Doctors, Patients, and Depression in Victorian England.
September 1, 1994... The history of psychiatry has burgeoned in recent years and in 'Shattered Nerves': Doctors, Patients, and Depression in Victorian England, by Janet Oppenheim (New York: Oxford U.P., 1991; pp. x + 389. $27.95), a great deal of the best modern work...

The Ideal of the Self-Governing Church: A Study in Victorian Missionary Strategy.
September 1, 1994... C. Peter Williams's The Ideal of the Self Governing Church. A Study in Victorian Missionary Strategy (Leiden/New York: E. J. Brill, 1990; pp. xv + 293. Dfl 148) is based on intensive use of the records of the evangelical Anglican Church...

Second Chance: Two Centuries of German-Speaking Jews in the United Kingdom.
September 1, 1994... Second Chance. Two Centuries of German-Speaking Jews in the United Kingdom, ed. Julius Carlebach et al. (Tuibingen: J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1991; pp. xiii + 654. DM 128) brings together thirty-six papers presented at a conference, held at...

Liberalismus zwischen 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: Reformulierung liberaler politischer Theorie in Deutschland und England am Beispiel von Friedrich Naumann und Leonard T. Hobhouse.
September 1, 1994... With the growing political and economic integration of Western Europe, the sparseness of comparative historical studies has become more striking. Stefan-Georg Schnorr's Liberalismus zwischen 19, und 20. Jahrhundert. Reformulierung liberaler...

Nationhood and Nationalism in France from Boulangism to the Great War, 1889-1918.
September 1, 1994... After a rash of books on the revolutionary tradition in France attention now seems to be switching to subjects such as regionalism and nationalism. Nationhood and Nationalism in France from Boulangism to the Great War, 1889-1918 (London/New York:...

New Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy: Essays in Quantitative Economic History, 1860-1914.
September 1, 1994... The late Victorian and Edwardian economy has always been the favourite hunting ground of econometric historians and it is therefore fitting that New Perspectives on the Late Victorian Economy. Essays in Quantitative Economic History, 1860-1914,...

The Economy and Polity in Early Twentieth Century Hungary: The Role of the National Association of Industrialists.
September 1, 1994... Although much good work has been done in recent years both on the political evolution of Austria-Hungary in the age of Dualism and on the Monarchy's economic performance during the same period, linkages between politics and economics have...

Landowners in Poland: 1918-1939.
September 1, 1994... Rarely has there been so valid a case for commenting not only on the content of a book but also on the quality of publication. Landowners in Poland, 1918-1939, by Wojciech Roszkowski (New York: Columbia U.P., for East European Monographs,...

Keynes: Uno Studio di diplomazia economica.
September 1, 1994... Guiliano Ferrari Bravo's Keynes. Uno Studio di diplomazia economica (Padua: CEDAM, 1990; pp. 480. Pb. L40,000) seeks to resolve many of the ambiguities inherent in Keynes's activity as international policy adviser. By focusing on Keynes's acute...

A History of Foreign Labor in Germany, 1880-1980: Seasonal Workers, Forced Laborers, Guest Workers.
September 1, 1994... Ever since the later nineteenth century, foreign workers have played a vital part in the German economy. They were indispensable for agriculture in Germany's east, and essential for mining in the Ruhr and Upper Silesia. Ulrich Herbert's A History...

The Role of Banks in the Interwar Economy.
September 1, 1994... The essays collected in The Role of Banks in the Interwar Economy, ed. Harold James, Hakon Lindgren and Alice Teichova (Cambridge: U.P., 1991; pp. xii + 277. [pounds]25), were presented originally at the Tenth International Economic History...

The British General Election of 1931.
September 1, 1994... The general election of 1931 was not just the most bitterly-fought and decisively-won British election of modern times; it also sealed an enduring rearrangement of the party system and a transformation in economic policies. The British General...

La Questione meridionale prima dell' intervento straordinario.
September 1, 1994... Europe's many success stories in recent decades are marred by those chapters of permanent crisis in which things seem always to change only to remain the same, those places where whenever somebody threatens to find the answer, somebody else...

Osterreich, Deutschland und die Machte: Internationale und osterreichische Aspekte des 'Anschlusses' vom Marz, 1938.
September 1, 1994... During the 1970s the Austrian historical profession commemorated the fortieth anniversaries of the political milestones of the turbulent 1930s with a series of conferences in Vienna. In March 1978 a symposium was held to discuss the German...

'The Holy Fox': A Biography of Lord Halifax.
September 1, 1994... The hunt for the real Lord Halifax has been resumed after twenty-five years. Andrew Roberts has pursued his quarry with skill and determination in 'The Holy Fox'. A Biography of Lord Halifax (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991; pp. xi + 348....

La Mise au pas: Ideologie et strategie securitaire dans la France occupee.
September 1, 1994... German strategy for the control of French opinion and culture during the occupation years of 1940 to 1944 is skillfully set out by Rita Thalmann in La Mise au pas. Ideologie et strategie securitaire dans la France occupee (Paris: Fayard, 1991;...

Carnets du Pasteur Boegner: 1940-1945.
September 1, 1994... Three quite different books examine, from the French side, the life of Vichy France under Marshal Petain in the wartime years 1940-4. They all complement Rita Thalmann's study of the Germans' machinery for organizing French life under Nazi...

Churchill's Generals.
September 1, 1994... Churchill's Generals, ed. John Keegan (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991; pp. xiii + 368. [pounds]20), is, like its subjects, a mixed bag. Conformity of method and style is hardly to be expected of seventeen contributors with heterogeneous...

Britain and the Cold War: 1945 as Geopolitical Transition.
September 1, 1994... In Britain and the Cold War. 1945 as Geopolitical Transition (London: Pinter, 1990; pp. xiii + 153. [pounds]29.50), Peter J. Taylor applies geopolitical theory to an understanding of Britain's loss of power after 1945. Geopolitics, world-systems...

The Rise and Decline of the English Working Classes, 1918-1990: A Social History.
September 1, 1994... Whatever happened to the British working class? Conceived in the eighteenth century, it came of age in the nineteenth, survived two world wars in the twentieth and seemed set to make the twenty-first when, in old age, it was set upon and battered...

The Near East since the First World War.
September 1, 1994... By providing students with a well-balanced, up-to-date, and in some ways revisionist history of The Near East since the First World War (London: Longman, 1991; pp. xvii + 526. [pounds]32; pb. [pounds]14.95), M. E. Yapp has accomplished a...

Trapped by Success: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 1953-1961.
September 1, 1994... The one factor that more than any other led to a reassessment of the Eisenhower administration in the mid-1970s was its prudence in refraining from intervening in Vietnam. David L. Anderson in Trapped by Success. The Eisenhower Administration and...

Cold War Europe, 1945-1989: A Political History.
September 1, 1994... John W. Young's Cold War Europe, 1945-1989. A Political History (London/New York: Edward Arnold, 1991; pp. xx + 236. [pounds]30) constitutes one of the first over-views of the gradual development and sudden end of the Cold War in Europe. The...

The Victoria History of Wiltshire, vol. 14: Malmesbury Hundred.
September 1, 1994... The Victoria History of Wiltshire, Vol. XIV: Malmesbury Hundred, ed. D. A. Crowley (Oxford: U.P., 1991; pp. xx + 267. [pounds]60), covers the town of Malmesbury and twenty surrounding parishes in the north-west part of the county. In contrast to...